The French Revolution Essay - 907 Words

During the eighteenth century, France was one of the most richest and prosperous countries in Europe, but many of the peasants were not happy with the way France was being ruled. On July 14, 1789, peasants and soldiers stormed the Bastille and initiated the French Revolution. This essay will analyze the main causes of the French Revolution, specifically, the ineffectiveness of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, the dissatisfaction of the Third Estate, and the Enlightenment. It will also be argued that the most significant factor that caused the French Revolution is the ineffective leadership of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The first and main reason for the French Revolution was the terrible leadership of King Louis XVI and†¦show more content†¦When they were brought back to be imprisoned in Paris, they French citizens looked at them with even more disgust and this soon led to the execution of King Louis and Marie Antoinette. Another cause of the French Revolution is the dissatisfaction of the Third Estate, which consisted of the middle class, town workers and peasants. One of the major reasons for their discontent was that they had to pay taxes whereas the First Estate, the clergy, and the Second Estate, the nobles, didn’t have to. The Third Estate had to pay different types of taxes including income tax, feudal tax, a tax on wine and a tax on salt. This took a toll on the peasants, as it was often very difficult for them to sustain their families as well as pay all these taxes. There were also terrible harvests due to hailstorms in the years 1788 and 1789, which lead to less wheat and the skyrocketing increase in the price of bread, causing the peasants to have even less to eat and in many cases to starve. This led to the peasants, especially the women to take action. In October 5, 1789, they marched to the palace of Versailles, armed with weapons and protested, but the protests of the Third Esta te in general were seldom heard. Sieyes describes the Third Estate as â€Å"Everything; but an everything shackled and oppressed.† (1789) This was for a political pamphlet that argued the Third Estate was the main body of France, but had too little rights. This can be seen from theShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution And French Revolutions2006 Words   |  9 PagesAlthough the American and French revolutions both took place in the late 18th century, both fought for independence, and both portrayed patriotism, the revolutions are markedly different in their origins; one which led to the world’s longest lasting democracy and the other to a Napoleonic Dictatorship. Political revolutions in America and France happened because people felt dissatisfied with the way their country was run. In North America they rebelled against rule from a foreign power, they wantedRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe French Revolution was a time rife with violence, with many revolutionaries using extreme actions to overturn the French Monarchy and create a government based on equality and justice, rather than tyranny and despotism. This violence reached gruesome and terrible heights throughout the revolution, but was justified by the revolutionaries, who believed that their goals of total equality, the end of tyranny, and the return to a virtuous society, allowed them to use means necessary to attain theseRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1336 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis The French Revolution was such an important time history. Not only was it a massacre with many lives being lost, including that of Queen Marie Antoinette and her husband King Louis XVI, it was also a time of great political turmoil which would turn man against man that being the case of Edmond Burke and Thomas Paine. Edmond Burke a traditionalist who believed the people should be loyal to the king against his former friend, Thomas Paine a free thinker who believed in order for things toRead MoreThe Revolution Of The French Revolution1040 Words   |  5 PagesWhile there were political and social causes of The French Revolution the most important cause was actually economic. A few years before the French’s revolution the French spent approximately 1.3 billion livres, 13 billion dollars, on the American Revolution. This gracious contribution caused trouble at home. The French Revolution was one of the most important events in history. While it changed the social structure in France it also affected many different countries across the world. â€Å"the treeRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1640 Words   |  7 Pages The French Revolution is often seen as one of the most influential and significant events in world history (Voices 9). The surge of rebellion present in those against the old regime, or Ancien Rà ©gime, inspired reformers for generations to come. Nevertheless, the French Revolution would not have occurred without the aid of the Enlightenment Thinkers, or Philosophà ©s. These Philosophà ©s’ ideas sparked the French Revolution. Prior to the French Revolution, France was radically different. It was theRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1321 Words   |  6 Pages The French Revolution The French Revolution was an iconic piece of history that help shape the world. It was a time were great battles occurred. Blood sheds happen almost every day. The streets were red by the blood of bodies that were dragged from being beheaded. The economy was in bad shape. But before all of this the French had a few goals but there was one goal that they all wanted and that was to get rid of the monarchy. This idea did not arrive out of nowhere, the commoners were influenceRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1223 Words   |  5 Pages French Revolution As the Enlightenment began in the middle of the 17th century, people began to use reason rather than stick to tradition. New Enlightenment ideas spread throughout Europe such as ideas on government. Enlightenment thinkers such as Rousenan believed that the best government was one formed with the general consent of the people. Other Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire and Montesquieu believed in freedom of speech and a separation of power within the government. All of theseRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1221 Words   |  5 PagesWhen people think of the French Revolution, they immediately think of the country of France and how the Revolution affected it. What most people do not think about however, is how the Revolution affected other countries, specifically the country of England. England was affected positively and negatively by the Revolution in that there was an increase of political involvement, but there was a collapse in the economy due to war declared by France. The French Revolution created a battle of conflictingRead MoreRevolutions And The French Revolution956 Words   |  4 Pages Revolutions are a common occurrence throughout world history. With the amount of revolutions in history, there are those that get lost and those that are the most remembered or well known. One of the well known revolutions is the French Revolution which occurred in the years 1789 to 1799. Before the French Revolution, France was ruled by an absolute monarchy, this meaning that one ruler had the supreme authority and that said authority was not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customsRead MoreThe Revolution Of The French Revolution1636 Words   |  7 Pageswas an old fortress that had served as a royal prison and in which gunpowder was stored. This will be the place where Parisian crowds will lay siege on and use the gunpowder for their weapons, and this will become a great turning point in the French Revolution. 3) The Great Fear was the vast movement that the peasant insurgency of sacking nobles’ castles and burning documents would blend into. This attack was mainly because of seigneurial dues and church tithes that weighed heavily on many peasants

Research Proposal - 1267 Words

Research Proposal: It addresses a particular project: academic or scientific research. It also contains extensive literature reviews and must offer convincing support of need for the research study being proposed. Doctoral dissertations begin with research proposal; the proposal must be accepted by a panel of experts (usually professors) before the actual research can begin. In addition to providing rationale for the proposed research, the proposal must describe a detailed methodology for conducting the research--a methodology consistent with requirements of the professional or academic field. Other than that, it is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description of the proposed program. It is like an outline†¦show more content†¦All research is part of a larger scholarly enterprise and candidates shouldbe able to argue for the value and positioning of their work. CHAPTER II * Research Design: Describe the overall research design by building upon and drawing examples from your review of the literature. Be specific about the methodological approaches you plan to undertake to collect information, about the techniques you will use to analyze it, and about tests of external validity to which you commit yourself [i.e., the trustworthiness by which you can generalize from your study to other people, places or times]. * Locate and Population: This might include the field site description, a description of the instruments you will use, and particularly the data that you anticipate collecting. You may need to comment on site and resource accessibility in the time frame and budget that you have available, to demonstrate feasibility, but the emphasis in this section should be to fully describe specifically what data you will be using in your study. Part of the purpose of doing this is to detect flaws in the plan before they become problems in the research. * Data Gathering Procedure: This section must be well-written and logically organized because you are not actuallyShow MoreRelatedResearch Proposal661 Words   |  3 PagesTO: Professor Sara Cutting FROM: Kiersten McCaffrey DATE: February 18, 2014 SUBJECT: Begin Business Plan for Potential Future Investment Background In the beginning of the semester you requested that I research a topic related to a personal decision such as a future goal. I am currently employed at a yoga studio and have a general understanding of the hard work that goes into running a small business. At the same time, I also directly see the benefits of owning a successful business.Read MoreProposal For A Research Proposal814 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is it? A typical research proposal is used by scholars and students who have an interest in your field. This usually happens as part of a grant application, postgraduate application (PhD), or for a final year dissertation. It usually ranges from 1,000-3,000 words and is a summary of what is being proposed to study. It is usually judged by content and proposal format. A Research proposal should†¦ Clearly set out what the research is going to be about. This includes a provisional/working titleRead MoreResearch Proposal1706 Words   |  7 PagesMOI UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS. Course: RESEARCH METHODS Course code: ECO 217 Task: GROUP ASSIGNMENT NAMES REG. NO. SIGN 1. HUSSEIN IBRAHIM ABDIRAHMAN ECO/201/O9 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. THIONG AGUTORead MoreResearch Proposal1447 Words   |  6 PagesCohort January 2013 Module Title Business Research Issue and Anylysis (Module code BAMG 2104 ) Assignment Topic/ Title Research Proposal Name of Instructor Dr Michael Ng Name of Student 1) AU Kwan Tai, 2) Chan Yan Ki, 3) Choi Chak Pan, 4) Chong Ka Chun DMU Student No. 1) P13014477 , 2) P13014523 3) P13014614, 4) P13014628 Group No. Date of Submission 25 Feb, 2014 DMU Business Research Methods Research Proposal 1. Research Project Title The relationship betweenRead MoreResearch Proposal2386 Words   |  10 PagesResearch Proposal Tony Franco, Anita Badejo, Annie Petroian Malhami, Brenda Baillargeon, Christina Hyett, Kenneth Haynes RES/351 June 11, 2012 Dr. James Gartside University of Phoenix Research Proposal In recent years, the amount of media coverage surrounding assisted suicide, or euthanasia, has increased. The term evokes a multitude of emotive responses. The Royal College of Nursing completed research on the issue of euthanasia initiating change in their policy of opposition to euthanasiaRead MoreParts of a Research Proposal2853 Words   |  12 PagesPARTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL Typical parts of a research proposal are: Title (or Cover) Page Abstract Table of Contents Introduction (including Statement of Problem, Purpose of Research, and Significance of Research) Background (including Literature Survey) Description of Proposed Research (including Method or Approach) Description of Relevant Institutional Resources List of References Personnel Budget The Title (or Cover) Page. Most sponsoring agencies specify the format for the title page,Read MoreDifferences Between Formal Research and Business Proposals1403 Words   |  6 PagesDifferences between â€Å"Formal Research† and â€Å"Business Proposals† There is a great difference between a formal research proposal and a business proposal. In fact these two types of proposals seem to be very similar but there are critical differences in the overall purpose, uses and goals. With such distinct differences for a writer it helps in understanding for writing the formal research proposal or business proposal more effectively. The general purpose of a proposal is the identify a particularRead MoreGuidelines on Writing a Research Proposal2565 Words   |  11 PagesGuidelines on writing a research proposal Introduction This is a guide to writing M.A. research proposals. The same principles apply to dissertation proposals and to proposals to most funding agencies. It includes a model outline, but advisor, committee and funding agency expectations vary and your proposal will be a variation on this basic theme. Use these guidelines as a point of departure for discussions with your advisor. They may serve as a straw-man against which to build your understandingRead MoreResearch Proposal2068 Words   |  9 PagesUniversity of South Africa 2013-05-30 Dear Sir/Madam Re: Research proposal: Why do People Volunteer Work. I am currently associated with UNISA where I am an honours student in Psychology. I have special interest in why do people volunteer work due to some volunteer work I am doing with a home called Botshabelo and an organisation called Stop Hunger SA. I have attached a proposal for further research in this field. The reasons for approaching you is because I will need fundingRead MoreFormal Research vs Business Proposal Essay778 Words   |  4 PagesFormal Research vs. Business Proposals Comparing and contrasting any business proposal can be a little confusing when there is little to no knowledge of what either of the proposal really stands for or mean. Every business has the opportunity for change or to seek change. These business environments are potential projects that intermingled with the start of a new product. Depending on the company or organization’s focus, will determine which proposal is best to

Role of Cytokines in Autoimmune Disorders and Inflammatory Diseases

Question: Discuss about the Role of Cytokines in Autoimmune Disorders. Answer: Introduction Basically, the identification of critical roles that cytokines play in autoimmune and many inflammatory diseases has resulted in an improved treatment of these diseases (Abbas et al., 2014). The autoimmune illness is inclusive of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), (MS), psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus sclerosis, systemic sclerosis (SS), Crohn's disease (CD), and type-1 diabetes. These bring about many different characteristics associated with ill health. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body because it confuses it for something foreign (Egwuagu et al., 2015). Being the main cause of mortality as well as morbidity in the industrialized world, they affect about 3 to 8% of the worlds population. The occurrence of autoimmunity is felt due to reduced self-tolerance associated with the immune system, and this involves a couple of molecules that are different (Noack Miossec 2014). There exists a lifelong gap in the knowledge about the causative agents that act as the contributors to the initiation of these diseases, whether viral or bacterial pathogens (Abbas et al., 2014). Bacterial infections have been found to be the cause of such infections encompassing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. There is a need for further clarification concerning the pathogenesis of autoimmune process even though significant progress has been noted in the growth of latest mode of treatment (Noack Miossec 2014). Despite displaying the same features, the autoimmune diseases have pathogenic and clinical overlaps that include RA, SLE, SS, and psoriasis that have common chronic inflammatory joint diseases. In particular, SS and SLE share cardiac pathologies that are comparable (Siebert, 2015). Evidently, inflammatory chemokines are scientifically known to take part in the pathogenesis of the above diseases where a majority of them have been discovered recently and widely declared that factors such as the environment, immunity, and genes are the main contributors to a rise in autoimmunity (Egwuagu et al., 2015). Cytokines are a large group of peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins that are secreted by the cells and are also inclusive of chemokines, tumor necrosis factor, interleukins, lymphokines, interferons, growth factors, and adipokines. They have a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of these sicknesses through various ways that includes the regulation of inflammation and angiogenesis (Rapha el et al., 2015). However, there is a need to gain a whole comprehension of the molecules tangled in autoimmune diseases, proteome techniques, and functional genome as briefly described. IL-12 related associates perform a core role. In occasions where there is an existence of inflammatory cytokine interferon (IFN), available antigen-presenting cells (APCs) produce interleukin (IL)-12, that later leads to a differentiation of CD4+ T cells transformation to IFN- -secreting T helper type 1cells (Sun et al., 2015). On the other hand, it has the capability of making the IL-4 to cause the CD4+ T cells to preferably progress into IL-4- and IL-5- that later makes IL-13- to result in Th2 cells. However, convincing proof exists for the biologically known third effector CD4+ of a trail in autoimmunity. The Th17 T cells enhance the production of IL-17A as well as IL-17F. These are the two of the cytokines whose production is neither by Th1 or Th2 CD4+ T cells (Noack Miossec 2014). A mishmash of the transforming growth factor (TGF) -1 as well as IL-6, together with IL-23 results in the generation of the CD4+T cell subtypes (Raphael et al., 2015). After IL-23 stimulation, this modern kind of T cells yields a variety of inflammatory mediators that are inclusive of tumor necrosis factor (Teng et al., 2015). According to the existing knowledge, it emerges that IL-17-producing T cells are the ones responsible for a number of the inflammatory as well as autoimmune responses that were at one time attributed to Th1 cells (Raphael et al., 2015). Out of these, CD, TNF- in RA, psoriasis, and IL-6/IL-6R in RA have been demonstrated widely to be of clinical importance (Moudgil, 2015). A review of the biological aspects of IL-21 as well as its function in the course of pathogenesis of the related autoimmune sicknesses has been done recently. It was found that a sequence of autoimmune models IL-21 played an exclusively non-redundant role in autoimmunity and seemed to be a typical modulator, specifically for the adaptive immune response that is associated with self-tissue in chronic illnesses such as type-1 diabetes, MS, RA, and SLE (Abbas et al., 2014). Rheumatoid arthritis Primarily, this disease is detected as a result of prolonged irritation of the joints that lead to decreased movement and these later results to the emergence of key disabilities in most of the reported cases (Siebert, 2015). The joints synovial tissues form the major marks of this disease, although its nature can be systemic because it has an impact on the genes and patterns of proteins in the peripheral blood. Evidently, IL-17, IL-23, and IL-27 play a critical part in pathogenesis of RA (Abbas, Litchman Pillai, 2014). A study conducted in IL12/p35 and IL23/p19 knocks out CIA model in mice, one of the conforming mouse models of human RA. Consequently, the result was that IL-23 is important in autoimmune inflammation of joints (Floss, 2015). Naturally, IL-27 constitutes a family of IL-12. It plays a crucial role in the initial initiation of Th1 comebacks (Chong et al., 2014). IL-27 joins with a receptor that comprises of WSX-1/TCCR as well as gp130. These are significant in serving as a collective signal transduction receptor that is designated specifically for IL-6 (Teng et al., 2015). In general, IL-27 leads to anti-inflammation, and it is therefore considered to be a suppressor of autoimmunity (Prinz priller, 2017). IL-10 regulates the production of the proinflammatory cytokine in RA synovial tissues. Being a potential anti-inflammatory cytokine, its protein and mRNA were detected in joints of people with the disease (Sun et al., 2015). Evidently, potent anti-inflammatory cytokine has been found to foster the regulation of RA and OA. To add on, the counterbalancing of endogenously produced IL-10 in the RA synovial membrane cultures resulted in a significant increase in the protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines tumor linked to necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-1 (Sun et al., 2015). Recently, the biological contribution of IL-7 in RA has been identified (Teng et al., 2015). There is an increasing level of IL-7 as well as IL-15 mRNA coupled with protein expression from the synovial tissue cells of RA patients (Siebert, 2015). The role of IL-7 in synovial tissue of RA patients is to induce variation of CD14+ to form giant, multinucleated, and bone-resorbing cells. Additionally, the vital role played by ThIL-7 can take part in the chronic inflammation associated with the destruction of joints through T-cell interceded initiation of osteoclasts (Sun et al., 2015). Multiple sclerosis (MS) Primarily, MS refers to an inflammatory demyelinating illness that is chronic in nature and affects the nervous system (CNS), especially the white matter. In multiple sclerosis, the protective sheath (myelin) is attacked by the immune. As a result, it causes problems to the brain and the whole body at large (Maddur et al., 2012). Eventually, permanent damage may occur due to the deterioration of the nerves. Signs and symptoms of this disease may arise in a different manner, and this depends on the intensity of the damage and which nerve has been attacked (Nyirenda et al., 2015). Many neurological symptoms may be observed including epilepsy, aphasia, muscle weakness, visual problems, difficulties with coordination, and balance as well as changes in sensation. IFN- plays a vital part in multiple sclerosis. As such, elevated heights of IFN have shown through studies that allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) as well as individuals treated with IFN- was lethal to multiple sclerosis (Maddur et al., 2012). Evidently, genetic polymorphisms embodied in the IFNG gene are associated in a way with MS. Besides, researchers have declared that IL-23/Th17 trail takes part in EAE. In a manner, this pathway is of great importance in human beings (Nyirenda et al., 2015). Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) SLE can be described as a chronic disease which may alternate with periods of negligible symptoms. Most of the individuals with the disease may live a normal lifestyle after treatment (Maddur et al., 2012). It has a strong background related to genetic makeup, and 80% of patients are female. Patients may have skin lesions where the most common are the malar rash. SLE may also affect internal organs including heart, kidney, lungs, CNS, and joints (Prinz Priller, 2017). Other symptoms of abnormalities are observed in the blood including deficiency of thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, leucopenia, and complement (C4, C1q, and C2). Genes belonging to the functional groups of apoptosis, DNA repair or replication, and cell cycle regulation refer to the genes that are known to play roles in LE, such as Fc fragment, cytochrome c, immunoglobulin G, CD22, and p53. There is also evidence that immunosuppressive treatment in SLE can lead to a detrimental impact on the pathway and molecules that take part in the pathogenesis of LE (Floss, 2015). Cumulatively, lupus expresses a common characteristic that includes the upfront regulation of IL-1 members (Sun et al., 2015). Psoriasis This can be described as an inflammatory skin disease where there are a reasonable number of patients who suffer from a joint ailment. Psoriasis can be considered as a complex disease that involves coronary artery as well as the heart (Sun et al., 2015). There is a specific auto-antigen that has not been identified during the study of patients bearing this inflammatory disease. Without a doubt, IL-23/Th17 pathway plays an important role of psoriasis skin inflammation where it bears the growth of pro-inflammatory, IL-17-secreting CD4+ memory cells (Moudgil, 2015). Psoriasis plays a role in mediating epidermal skin thickening (acanthosis), as it is through the Th17 cytokine that enhances the intermediation of IL-23-inducing acanthosis. Finally, IL-23- can lead to the swelling of the ears that can decrease in IL-22-/- in the case of a particular study using mice (Sun et al., 2015). Systemic sclerosis (SSc) SSc is an autoimmune disease which is multisystem and can be detected due to the skin schlerosis. Internal organs may also be affected including heart, liver, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. COL7A1 and COL18A1 have been described as putative biomarkers in early stages of SSc (Maddur et al., 2012). Coagulation system, fibroblasts, T-cells, and B-cells together with the endothelial cells are involved in the pathogenesis of SSc. Their role is minor in this disease because only a trace of them is detected. Type I Diabetes Primarily, the contribution of cytokines found in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes (type I diabetes) was demonstrated using models. These functions include; the pathogenic role of IL-27, the plasticity of the subsets of T cells, and the protective contribution of IL-35 (Moudgil, 2015). This is also described as the influence of cytokines on rendering the effector T cells intractable to the suppression by Treg. This is the function of effector T cells that enhances the balance between IL-2 and IL-21, especially in infection vulnerability (Floss, 2015). Myocarditis More precisely, the role of this disease is in the initiation of an autoimmune disease (Rose, 2012). It is evidenced that the role of cytokines is normally at various phases of myocarditis progression, whereby CB3 activates the fabrication of innate cytokines that later triggers cardiac inflammation. In a way, a succeeding upsurge of Th2 as well as Th1 coordinates the autoimmune sensitivity against cardiac myosin. Th17 responsiveness enhances the mediation of dilated cardiomyopathy (Isono et al., 2014). Ideally, the comparative input of Th1 versus Th17 leads to the contrasting properties of IL-12 versus IFN-g, and of IL-4. It also results in IL-13 and the dichotomy of functionality in certain cytokines in the progression of the disease (Chong et al., 2014). Thyroiditis Mainly, this is one of the commonest autoimmune diseases that are organ-specific (Ganesh et al., 2011). As such, the role played by the cytokines in the autoimmune thyroiditis, particularly in a stage where the disease manifests itself as Hashimotos thyroiditis, is viewed as a disorder that is associated with hypothyroidism (Trovato et al., 2015). There is a significant contribution to Th1, Th2, as well as Th17 responses to the process of the disease in HT and Graves disease (Isono et al., 2014). Naturally, the significant contribution of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) is in the expansion of CD8a-dendritic cells (DCs) and also in the maintenance DCs in a semi-mature phenotype. As such, this leads in turn to the segregation as well as the expansion of IL-10- that produces Treg. It is evidenced that Treg are useful in the prevention and suppression of tentative autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT). Furthermore, IL-10 is known to suppress EAT through the inhibition of the costimulatory pathways. On the same note, it also plays a part in preventing the apoptosis of thyrocytes (Trovato et al., 2015). Also, contradictory effects of various cytokines include; regulatory and pro-inflammatory response. These cytokines include TNFa, IL-2, IL-7, and IL-1b (Moudgil, 2015). Uveitis Uveitis is one of the causative agents of blindness in the developed nations (Caspi et al., 2014). The diseases include uveoretinitis, retinitis, and retinopathy. Evidently, autoimmune inflammation is thought to be the most crucial component of uveitis process. The protective function of early IFN-g/IL-12 response in EAU has been highlighted, together with the double contribution of Th2 response as well as other cytokines (Teng et al., 2015). Crowns head disease Crohn's disease (CD) refers to a chronic inflammatory disorder, and it occurs throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Its characteristics are the episodes of relapse and remission. Despite being prevalent in North America and Europe, CD is being observed in developing countries due to westernization and industrialization (Neirath, 2014). It starts as an inflammatory process that in most cases affects terminal ileum and often leads to progressive as well as permanent bowel damage. A complication that occurs includes the structuring disease that is associated with symptoms related to bowel obstruction and penetrating disease that involves abscess and fistula formation (Sun et al., 2015). Ideally, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha has been proven to be directly associated with cytotoxic impacts to the intestinal mucosa in Crohn's head disease together with ulcerative colitis. Primarily, it also donates to the systemic displays that occur mostly in crown's diseases. Anti-TNF antibodies show a c lear anti-inflammatory impact in patients with this illness. Long-term effects caused by TNF blockage in vivo may have detrimental impacts especially in children (Egwuagu et al., 2015). Other roles of TNF in inflammatory diseases include the pathogenic contribution in the formation of blister lesions that are integral to bullous phemphigoid. Similarly, TNF is scientifically known to have an imperative role in the pathogenesis of RA. Furthermore, it has been noted that the variants of TNF gene function as the markers of RA sternness (Teng et al., 2015). Without a doubt, TNF entails the major cytokine in the development of T1D that contributes to beta cell dysfunction as well as death (Siebert, 2015). In a way, TNF could be vital to the interruption of tolerance to self-antigens in viruses that induce diabetes. Fascinatingly, the late manifestation of TNF in a framework can reinstate normal function of the beta cell, probably through the induction of T-cell apoptosis. As such, this is one of the contrasts that make up a regular matter with other cytokines (Neirath, 2014). In a nutshell, TNF is suggestively known to play a deviating part in the development of EAE as well as MS, by leading to demyelination alongside fostering the chronicity of the disease (EAE) or by regulating the disease process (MS) (Neirath, 2014). Willenborg and other authors, however, have portrayed that the presence of completely opposed interpretations on the effects of TNF in EAE can be accessed in the literature, spanning from pro-EAE to the range of anti-EAE (Moudgil, 2015). Some research works that have been done in the past indicate that EAE can be subdued by TNF (Teng et al., 2015). The treatment of patients suffering from autoimmune illnesses has been underpinned by the utilization of anti-inflammatory drugs as well as the introduction of immunosuppression for a considerable time. References Abbas, A. K., Lichtman, A. H., Pillai, S. (2014). Basic immunology: functions and disorders of the immune system. Elsevier Health Sciences. Chong, W. P., Horai, R., Mattapallil, M. J., Silver, P. B., Chen, J., Zhou, R., ... Caspi, R. R. (2014). IL-27p28 inhibits central nervous system autoimmunity by concurrently antagonizing Th1 and Th17 responses. Journal of autoimmunity, 50, 12-22. Egwuagu, C. E., Yu, C. R., Sun, L., Wang, R. (2015). Interleukin 35: Critical regulator of immunity and lymphocyte-mediated diseases. Cytokine growth factor reviews, 26(5), 587-593. Floss, D. M., Schrder, J., Franke, M., Scheller, J. (2015). Insights into IL-23 biology: from structure to function. Cytokine growth factor reviews, 26(5), 569-578 Isono, F., Fujita-Sato, S., Ito, S. (2014). Inhibiting RORt/Th17 axis for autoimmune disorders. Drug discovery today, 19(8), 1205-1211. Liu, X., Leung, S., Fang, L., Chen, X., Guo, T., Zhang, J. (2012). Interplay of Pathogenic TH1/TH17 Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Auto-immune Disease: A Tale of Yin and Yang. In TH17 Cells in Health and Disease (pp. 367-389). Springer New York. Maddur, M. S., Miossec, P., Kaveri, S. V., Bayry, J. (2012). Th17 cells: biology, pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and therapeutic strategies. The American journal of pathology, 181(1), 8-18. Moudgil, K.D., 2015. Interplay among cytokines and T cell subsets in the progression and control of immune-mediated diseases. Netea, M. G., Latz, E., Mills, K. H., O'neill, L. A. (2015). Innate immune memory: a paradigm shift in understanding host defense. Neurath, M. F. (2014). Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. Nature Reviews Immunology, 14(5), 329-342. Noack, M., Miossec, P. (2014). Th17 and regulatory T cell balance in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Autoimmunity reviews, 13(6), 668-677. Nyirenda, M. H., Morandi, E., Vinkemeier, U., Constantin-Teodosiu, D., Drinkwater, S., Mee, M., ... Constantinescu, C. S. (2015). TLR2 stimulation regulates the balance between regulatory T cell and Th17 function: a novel mechanism of reduced regulatory T cell function in multiple sclerosis. The Journal of Immunology, 194(12), 5761-5774. Prinz, M., Priller, J. (2017). The role of peripheral immune cells in the CNS in steady state and disease. Nature neuroscience, 20(2), 136-144. Raphael, I., Nalawade, S., Eagar, T. N., Forsthuber, T. G. (2015). T cell subsets and their signature cytokines in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Cytokine, 74(1), 5-17. Schett, G., Elewaut, D., McInnes, I. B., Dayer, J. M., Neurath, M. F. (2013). How cytokine networks fuel inflammation: toward a cytokine-based disease taxonomy. Nature medicine, 19(7), 822-824. Siebert, S., Tsoukas, A., Robertson, J., McInnes, I. (2015). Cytokines as therapeutic targets in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. Pharmacological reviews, 67(2), 280-309. Sun, L., He, C., Nair, L., Yeung, J., Egwuagu, C. E. (2015). Interleukin 12 (IL-12) family cytokines: role in immune pathogenesis and treatment of CNS autoimmune disease. Cytokine, 75(2), 249-255. Teng, M. W., Bowman, E. P., McElwee, J. J., Smyth, M. J., Casanova, J. L., Cooper, A. M., Cua, D. J. (2015). IL-12 and IL-23 cytokines: from discovery to targeted therapies for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Nature medicine, 21(7), 719-729. Trovato, M. C., Ruggeri, R. M., Scardigno, M., Sturniolo, G., Vita, R., Vitarelli, E., ... Bourdon, J. C. (2016). Immunoreactions for P53 isoforms are associated with ultrastructural proliferative profiles in benign thyroid nodules. Histology and histopathology, 31(10), 1079-1087. Wahren-Herlenius, M., Drner, T. (2013). Immunopathogenic mechanisms of systemic autoimmune disease. The Lancet, 382(9894), 819-831.

ERP System Implementation Journey Free Sample for Students

Question: Why an ERP Systems Journey May Never End. Answer: Introduction This report is based on ERP systems, its usage and its benefits that are gained by business organizations while using these systems for different purposes. The benefits of ERP systems occur over a period of time rather than occurring immediately. It is also believed by some business organizations that the journey of ERP systems is ongoing and benefits of all ERP systems is not same for all. Some companies may gain more benefits than others. According to researchers that differing benefits are result of usage of ERP systems at different stages by business organizations. Now the purpose of making this report is to discuss about the journey of companys ERP systems and how benefits may vary that are provided by ERP systems. Besides this, we will also emphasize on experiences of different companies that are using this system. Some other essential concepts such as why a journey of ERP may never ends, different stages in an ERP systems journey, potential benefits of each stage and identific ation of drivers and barriers for companies to move from one stage to the next. Main Body Now in this segment of report we will discuss above mentioned concepts and arguments about these topics in detail. Journey of Companys ERP Systems and How Benefits may vary The journey of ERP system in a company is related to implementation of ERP system. The implementation of ERP systems in a business organization is a wise and effective decision that helps to control cost. There are various benefits of ERP systems that are invaluable. But according to statistics and major headlines, it has been proven over and over again that implementations of ERP projects are failing to meet more than 50% requirements and expectations. There are many companies exist that have already passed through this. Besides this, it is also my experience that several clients and cost form attendees got disappointed by implementing system that was going to solve their problems. In this way, only implementation of ERP cannot consider as journey of ERP, it is actually related to successful implementation of ERP. To have a successful implementation of ERP, an organization must dedicate to adequate resources of business projects (Jennifer Kinzel, 2017). The beginning of ERP journey is from software that is selected by business organization and definition of processes that will be implemented. It will be better to define needs of business processes before selecting software (Klckner and Nayum, 2017). Besides this, it is essential that all business processes should be planned out to finest detail. But it cannot be done with external parties or consultants because they dont have knowledge about internal transactions of your business and intricacies of the internal business processes. In this case, it is responsibility of a business organization to confirm standard of ERP system and what possibilities of customizations of this system and cost are. It will be a blunder if we think that a fancy ERP system can do everything that we require. Sometimes, special business processes are adapted to fit in ERP systems and it cannot be done at individual basis. So fancy look of ERP cannot defines its capabilities, way of working and effectiveness. There is no doubt to say th at ERP is an ongoing activity. From its pre-installation steps journey begins and end of this journey cannot be defined because after successful installations, staff members training to work with ERP system, continuous modifications in ERP according to changing needs of users and management of data huge amount of data for business successes according to current circumstances of business organizations. So these processes cant stop or predefine. Therefore, in above ways journey of ERP system continues in a company. Case Study to exhibit different companies experience of using ERP As we have already discussed above that how some business organizations are getting different experiences in usage of ERP systems. Now in this segment of report, we will emphasize on companies experiences by using case study examples to highlight different benefits and weaknesses of ERP systems for them (Blogs.infor.com, 2017). As we know that ERP is Enterprise Resource Planning software solution which is an integrated suite of applications that can be used by business organizations to store and manage data at every stage of business. Due to this reason, every business organization prefer to use ERP systems (Searchsap.techtarget.com, 2017). But it is not ensured that for every business, the journey of ERP implementation is successful. To identify this thing, we have analyzed some case studies and two cases have come into our notice that shows how one of two different companies has got benefits from ERP system and another got drawbacks. These two companies and Cadbury and Hersheys (gu ide, 2017). Case Study of Cadbury Cadbury is a British Multinational confectionary company. It is the second largest confectionary brand in the world and big competitor of Wrigleys company (SearchCIO, 2017). There are various brands of Cadbury in India and in other countries like 5 Star, Oreo, Bournvita and Dairy Milk. Cadbury turns out towards implementation of SAP ERP 6.0 i.e. System Analysis and Program Development. The company preferred to use this system because SAP is considered largest global ERP implementation. The ERP was implemented with reduced operational cost in company. More than 10,000 employees were sending data to the SAP solution of company. Besides this, master data management solution of SAP is also added. After implementing ERP system by Cadbury following benefits are found: This company was on rapid paced growth and it could not continue any more with the existing systems. These existing systems were too slow due to some inefficiencies in it. But ERP added efficiency and also guided to enhance growth of business. The implementation of ERP provided a new way to manage warehouse, branches and offices of Cadbury (Bansal, 2013). With implementation of ERP, company enhanced its strength and now competing successfully in competitive market (Hong and Kim, 2002). The initial implementation of ERP was a time-consuming process but after this successive implementations was completed in lesser time and cost. The main advantage of ERP was saving cost in implementation phase of companys projects. The successful results of ERP was an internal process of restructuring and here reaction from competitors does not matter. With the help of ERP system, Cadbury has built-in robust regular feedback system and it is used to monitor the changes and to check that these are working according to predefined plan or not. The whole implementation is cross-functional and it is necessary to have increase in the efficiency. The above discussed are some effective benefits of ERP software solution that has gained by Cadbury Company after making decision to implement ERP. In this way, for Cadbury ERP was proved successful to handle its business issues and to increase growth of business at rapid pace. While selecting vendors for ERP, Cadbury selected best in class vendors and they helped the process in modernized fashion. Due to this, in initial phase of ERP implementation all possible hiccups were avoided. The ERP system eventually set low cost and high result implementation that highlights the success and benefits. Another company that has implemented ERP system was Hersheys, but unfortunately, it did not get benefits like Cadbury. Case Study of Hersheys The largest manufacturer of chocolate in North America is Hersheys. Headquarter of this company is in Pennsylvania. This company was established in 1894 and there are near about sixty countries worldwide where Hersheys is selling its products. The 80% sale of Hersheys business is from chocolate and 20% is non-chocolate. Like Cadbury, Hersheys also decided to implement ERP solution in its organization. The main reason to implement ERP system is to enhance competitiveness of company and customer service. So during late 1996, the management of this company gave approval to use ERP system for handling Enterprise21 project. Therefore, SAPs R/3 ERP software were selected to manage integration among three systems such as Manugistics SCM software, Siebels CRM software and IBM Global Service. The overall cost of project was US$10 Million and recommended time for implementing project was four years. It was also decided by Hershey that Big Bang approach will be used for project implementation r ather than phased approach. Unfortunately, this strategy of implementing ERP system in Hersheys was not right decision and ERP failure occurred. Following ERP failure was encountered by Hersheys Company. The main problems were found in fulfillment of orders, processing and shipping of orders. Hersheys was not able to meet its committed date of delivery. There were many distributors of Hersheys, who had ordered the products, were not able to supply those products to retailers on time. Due to this credibility of ERP was lost in market. Due to announcement of Hersheys in market that delay issues occurred due to malfunctioning of newly installed ERP system, the charged by 8% was encountered in stock price of company in one day. These crucial failures were encountered by Hersheys Company due to implementation of ERP system for handling its business activities and projects. To more elaborate this issue of Hersheys journey of ERP implementation, we would like to discuss about reasons of failure of ERP. Reasons of Failure of ERP in Hersheys Following reasons are brought into notice by Hersheys Company regarding failure of ERP system implementation. The first reason of failure of ERP implementation is over-squeezing in schedules implementation. The selection of Big Bang approach rather than phased approach was not a right decision. For the sake of convenience, sacrificing of testing of systems was a big mistake. In busiest business periods of Hersheys, cutover activities and Go Live was scheduled which was also a main reason of failure of ERP in Hersheys Company. This failure was so much critical for Hersheys Company and this company has learnt a lot from this failure. The main learnings of Hersheys company from this failure are listed as below: The first lesson was that an ERP implementation project should not be forced into an unreasonable timeline. The over-squeezing implementation of schedules is a way to overlook critical issues. In this case, testing phases are considered safety nets that should never be compromised (Ram, 2017). Other essential lesson was that no scheduling should be done during busy seasons. Whether there is best-case implementation scenario in an organization but still companies should learn curves and operational performances tips. From above discussed case studies it is cleared that implementation of ERP systems may successful or unsuccessful for business organizations according to circumstances and strategies of company. The reason of success of ERP in Cadbury is its strategic plans and approaches to run ERP according to business circumstances. But in Hersheys it was not implemented properly, so there ERP was a failure. Now in next segment of report, we will discuss about some other essential concepts regarding ERP systems and its implementation in business organizations (NetSuite.com, 2017). Why an ERP systems journey may never End? In above segments of report, we have already discussed the concept of journey of ERP systems in an organization. On the behalf of above discussion, we can say that it is right journey of ERP may never ends because after completing all installation steps of ERP, the steps of staff training, periodic custom modifications according to business needs never end. That is why ERP systems journey is an on-going activity (Roy, 2017). What are potential stages of ERP Systems journey? The ERP i.e. Enterprise Resource Planning is an important system that is used to handle business activities. This system is powerful enough to store, manage and modify huge amount of companys data in it. It is a user-friendly software but its proper training is required by its users. Otherwise heavy losses can occur like Hersheys company. But there is no need disappoint because Cadbury is also an example of good results of ERP implementation (Venkatraman and Fahd, 2016). There are some essential stages of ERP systems journey that are considered while implementing ERP systems into business organizations. Here in this segment of report we will discuss about these stages of ERP system journey (Managementstudyguide.com, 2017). Pre-Evaluation Screening Evaluation Gap Analysis Training Testing Pre-Evaluation Screening It is necessary for an organization that before looking for an ERP solution, pre-evaluation of business needs and requirements should be done. In this first stage, companies conduct a careful inventory of their needs. The participants from multiple disciplines are included, who will use ERP systems, in this stage of ERP system journey. The main goal of this stage is to gain a clear and comprehensive understanding of the needs, tools, resources and challenges of organization (marketing, 2017). Evaluation Stage Under this stage of ERP system journey, different vendors are found out by companies to get best offers by evaluating pros and cons of their products. If a company gets a product according to its requirements and at best cost then that is considered an appropriate match (Workwise LLC, 2017). Gap Analysis Under this stage of ERP system journey, an analysis of gap between the desired solutions and what is available in market takes place. It is a better idea to back to the vendors that is considered by company and to that vendor it can be asking that how these gaps can be addressed (Skyward Techno Blog, 2017). Training Every person in an organization that will use ERP system, he/she needs training. The training program should be created to know about needs, schedules and scope of training (Ganesh and Mehta, n.d.). In some companies, training process may be of one day and in another companies it can be of two-three days (Pcbennett.com, 2017). Testing This is also an important stage of ERP systems. At this stage alignment of systems functionality with the set of requirements for the project are tested. The overlapping among testing and development phases is often seen. But after implementing this step, it becomes easier to identify bugs and errors in a system that can cause issues in overall functionality of an ERP. At the end of this phase, the members of project team can do their jobs with comfort on new systems. It is final step before start using new ERP system in business organization. Besides above discussed stages of ERP system, deployment and ongoing support stages of ERP system can also be considered. Under deployment stage of ERP system journey, organization and vendor will evaluate the whole situation and will make final decision that system is ready to implement or not. Prior to go live, the final data is also validated and loaded. Under this stage, project team also starts training stage for employees who will work on new system. In deployment stage of ERP system journey, all preparations are done to make a product live without any error or fault in it. Once ERP system has gone live in organization, it is essential for vendor to provide ongoing support. Over a period of time with the evolvement, the way of users work within the system also evolves and according to this evolvement different adjustments and changes to the configuration of system are done. This ongoing support never ends and also ERP journey. Potential Benefits of each Stage As we have discussed above some main stages of ERP system journey. Now there are different benefits of each stage that are listed as below: Benefits of Pre-Evaluation Stage The main benefit of this stage is that, an organization is cleared about its all needs and purchase ERP system according to its needs or requirements without any doubt. The ERP system is purchased according to requirements of employees who will work on this system (SearchCIO, 2017). Benefits of Evaluation Stage Under this stage, best vendor can be selected among multiple vendors and best solution can be found (Columbus SC24/7 Staff, 2017). Benefits of Gap Analysis The main benefit of gap analysis is that an organization can aware about the market trends for ERP systems and then can purchase accordingly (Memoire Online, 2017). Benefits of Training By providing training to employees, they can learn best way to implement ERP solution to perform various business activities in secure and reliable ways. Benefits of Testing Through testing stage of ERP system, an error-free system can be used by organization which is necessary to maintain long term security and sustainability of ERP system. Drivers and Barriers for Companies to move from one stage to next The main drivers for companies, those want to implement ERP systems, to move from one stage to next include reviews of overall project scope and planning , review of driving principles for developing project, evaluation of misfit resolution strategies, evaluation regarding attaining benefits and evaluation regarding users and organizational learning (Seo, 2013). On other side we talk about barriers for companies to move from one stage to other is lack in fulfillment of requirements of previous stage that will leave that stage incomplete. So if previous stage will be incomplete then company will not move to other stage (Chiodo, 2017). Conclusion After this whole discussion about ERP system journey we can say that it is an interesting concept to discuss about overall journey of ERP system implementation in an organization and to know about essential things included in it. ERP systems are very popular among business organizations and it is hard for its users to think that ERP systems can be failed. But in this report, we have discussed case study about failure of ERP system. In that case study, it is clearly defined that improper use of ERP systems in organizations lead to failure of projects. On another side, this report also represents the benefits of ERP systems for an organization that has understood its value. Therefore, these essential aspects regarding ERP systems should be taken into account by business organizations those want to implement ERP systems. References Chiodo, T. (2017). The Five Stages of ERP Implementation. [online] Baass.com. 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