The French Revolution Essay - 907 Words

During the eighteenth century, France was one of the most richest and prosperous countries in Europe, but many of the peasants were not happy with the way France was being ruled. On July 14, 1789, peasants and soldiers stormed the Bastille and initiated the French Revolution. This essay will analyze the main causes of the French Revolution, specifically, the ineffectiveness of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, the dissatisfaction of the Third Estate, and the Enlightenment. It will also be argued that the most significant factor that caused the French Revolution is the ineffective leadership of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The first and main reason for the French Revolution was the terrible leadership of King Louis XVI and†¦show more content†¦When they were brought back to be imprisoned in Paris, they French citizens looked at them with even more disgust and this soon led to the execution of King Louis and Marie Antoinette. Another cause of the French Revolution is the dissatisfaction of the Third Estate, which consisted of the middle class, town workers and peasants. One of the major reasons for their discontent was that they had to pay taxes whereas the First Estate, the clergy, and the Second Estate, the nobles, didn’t have to. The Third Estate had to pay different types of taxes including income tax, feudal tax, a tax on wine and a tax on salt. This took a toll on the peasants, as it was often very difficult for them to sustain their families as well as pay all these taxes. There were also terrible harvests due to hailstorms in the years 1788 and 1789, which lead to less wheat and the skyrocketing increase in the price of bread, causing the peasants to have even less to eat and in many cases to starve. This led to the peasants, especially the women to take action. In October 5, 1789, they marched to the palace of Versailles, armed with weapons and protested, but the protests of the Third Esta te in general were seldom heard. Sieyes describes the Third Estate as â€Å"Everything; but an everything shackled and oppressed.† (1789) This was for a political pamphlet that argued the Third Estate was the main body of France, but had too little rights. This can be seen from theShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution And French Revolutions2006 Words   |  9 PagesAlthough the American and French revolutions both took place in the late 18th century, both fought for independence, and both portrayed patriotism, the revolutions are markedly different in their origins; one which led to the world’s longest lasting democracy and the other to a Napoleonic Dictatorship. Political revolutions in America and France happened because people felt dissatisfied with the way their country was run. In North America they rebelled against rule from a foreign power, they wantedRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe French Revolution was a time rife with violence, with many revolutionaries using extreme actions to overturn the French Monarchy and create a government based on equality and justice, rather than tyranny and despotism. This violence reached gruesome and terrible heights throughout the revolution, but was justified by the revolutionaries, who believed that their goals of total equality, the end of tyranny, and the return to a virtuous society, allowed them to use means necessary to attain theseRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1336 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis The French Revolution was such an important time history. Not only was it a massacre with many lives being lost, including that of Queen Marie Antoinette and her husband King Louis XVI, it was also a time of great political turmoil which would turn man against man that being the case of Edmond Burke and Thomas Paine. Edmond Burke a traditionalist who believed the people should be loyal to the king against his former friend, Thomas Paine a free thinker who believed in order for things toRead MoreThe Revolution Of The French Revolution1040 Words   |  5 PagesWhile there were political and social causes of The French Revolution the most important cause was actually economic. A few years before the French’s revolution the French spent approximately 1.3 billion livres, 13 billion dollars, on the American Revolution. This gracious contribution caused trouble at home. The French Revolution was one of the most important events in history. While it changed the social structure in France it also affected many different countries across the world. â€Å"the treeRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1640 Words   |  7 Pages The French Revolution is often seen as one of the most influential and significant events in world history (Voices 9). The surge of rebellion present in those against the old regime, or Ancien Rà ©gime, inspired reformers for generations to come. Nevertheless, the French Revolution would not have occurred without the aid of the Enlightenment Thinkers, or Philosophà ©s. These Philosophà ©s’ ideas sparked the French Revolution. Prior to the French Revolution, France was radically different. It was theRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1321 Words   |  6 Pages The French Revolution The French Revolution was an iconic piece of history that help shape the world. It was a time were great battles occurred. Blood sheds happen almost every day. The streets were red by the blood of bodies that were dragged from being beheaded. The economy was in bad shape. But before all of this the French had a few goals but there was one goal that they all wanted and that was to get rid of the monarchy. This idea did not arrive out of nowhere, the commoners were influenceRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1223 Words   |  5 Pages French Revolution As the Enlightenment began in the middle of the 17th century, people began to use reason rather than stick to tradition. New Enlightenment ideas spread throughout Europe such as ideas on government. Enlightenment thinkers such as Rousenan believed that the best government was one formed with the general consent of the people. Other Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire and Montesquieu believed in freedom of speech and a separation of power within the government. All of theseRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1221 Words   |  5 PagesWhen people think of the French Revolution, they immediately think of the country of France and how the Revolution affected it. What most people do not think about however, is how the Revolution affected other countries, specifically the country of England. England was affected positively and negatively by the Revolution in that there was an increase of political involvement, but there was a collapse in the economy due to war declared by France. The French Revolution created a battle of conflictingRead MoreRevolutions And The French Revolution956 Words   |  4 Pages Revolutions are a common occurrence throughout world history. With the amount of revolutions in history, there are those that get lost and those that are the most remembered or well known. One of the well known revolutions is the French Revolution which occurred in the years 1789 to 1799. Before the French Revolution, France was ruled by an absolute monarchy, this meaning that one ruler had the supreme authority and that said authority was not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customsRead MoreThe Revolution Of The French Revolution1636 Words   |  7 Pageswas an old fortress that had served as a royal prison and in which gunpowder was stored. This will be the place where Parisian crowds will lay siege on and use the gunpowder for their weapons, and this will become a great turning point in the French Revolution. 3) The Great Fear was the vast movement that the peasant insurgency of sacking nobles’ castles and burning documents would blend into. This attack was mainly because of seigneurial dues and church tithes that weighed heavily on many peasants

Research Proposal - 1267 Words

Research Proposal: It addresses a particular project: academic or scientific research. It also contains extensive literature reviews and must offer convincing support of need for the research study being proposed. Doctoral dissertations begin with research proposal; the proposal must be accepted by a panel of experts (usually professors) before the actual research can begin. In addition to providing rationale for the proposed research, the proposal must describe a detailed methodology for conducting the research--a methodology consistent with requirements of the professional or academic field. Other than that, it is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description of the proposed program. It is like an outline†¦show more content†¦All research is part of a larger scholarly enterprise and candidates shouldbe able to argue for the value and positioning of their work. CHAPTER II * Research Design: Describe the overall research design by building upon and drawing examples from your review of the literature. Be specific about the methodological approaches you plan to undertake to collect information, about the techniques you will use to analyze it, and about tests of external validity to which you commit yourself [i.e., the trustworthiness by which you can generalize from your study to other people, places or times]. * Locate and Population: This might include the field site description, a description of the instruments you will use, and particularly the data that you anticipate collecting. You may need to comment on site and resource accessibility in the time frame and budget that you have available, to demonstrate feasibility, but the emphasis in this section should be to fully describe specifically what data you will be using in your study. Part of the purpose of doing this is to detect flaws in the plan before they become problems in the research. * Data Gathering Procedure: This section must be well-written and logically organized because you are not actuallyShow MoreRelatedResearch Proposal661 Words   |  3 PagesTO: Professor Sara Cutting FROM: Kiersten McCaffrey DATE: February 18, 2014 SUBJECT: Begin Business Plan for Potential Future Investment Background In the beginning of the semester you requested that I research a topic related to a personal decision such as a future goal. I am currently employed at a yoga studio and have a general understanding of the hard work that goes into running a small business. At the same time, I also directly see the benefits of owning a successful business.Read MoreProposal For A Research Proposal814 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is it? A typical research proposal is used by scholars and students who have an interest in your field. This usually happens as part of a grant application, postgraduate application (PhD), or for a final year dissertation. It usually ranges from 1,000-3,000 words and is a summary of what is being proposed to study. It is usually judged by content and proposal format. A Research proposal should†¦ Clearly set out what the research is going to be about. This includes a provisional/working titleRead MoreResearch Proposal1706 Words   |  7 PagesMOI UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS. Course: RESEARCH METHODS Course code: ECO 217 Task: GROUP ASSIGNMENT NAMES REG. NO. SIGN 1. HUSSEIN IBRAHIM ABDIRAHMAN ECO/201/O9 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. THIONG AGUTORead MoreResearch Proposal1447 Words   |  6 PagesCohort January 2013 Module Title Business Research Issue and Anylysis (Module code BAMG 2104 ) Assignment Topic/ Title Research Proposal Name of Instructor Dr Michael Ng Name of Student 1) AU Kwan Tai, 2) Chan Yan Ki, 3) Choi Chak Pan, 4) Chong Ka Chun DMU Student No. 1) P13014477 , 2) P13014523 3) P13014614, 4) P13014628 Group No. Date of Submission 25 Feb, 2014 DMU Business Research Methods Research Proposal 1. Research Project Title The relationship betweenRead MoreResearch Proposal2386 Words   |  10 PagesResearch Proposal Tony Franco, Anita Badejo, Annie Petroian Malhami, Brenda Baillargeon, Christina Hyett, Kenneth Haynes RES/351 June 11, 2012 Dr. James Gartside University of Phoenix Research Proposal In recent years, the amount of media coverage surrounding assisted suicide, or euthanasia, has increased. The term evokes a multitude of emotive responses. The Royal College of Nursing completed research on the issue of euthanasia initiating change in their policy of opposition to euthanasiaRead MoreParts of a Research Proposal2853 Words   |  12 PagesPARTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL Typical parts of a research proposal are: Title (or Cover) Page Abstract Table of Contents Introduction (including Statement of Problem, Purpose of Research, and Significance of Research) Background (including Literature Survey) Description of Proposed Research (including Method or Approach) Description of Relevant Institutional Resources List of References Personnel Budget The Title (or Cover) Page. Most sponsoring agencies specify the format for the title page,Read MoreDifferences Between Formal Research and Business Proposals1403 Words   |  6 PagesDifferences between â€Å"Formal Research† and â€Å"Business Proposals† There is a great difference between a formal research proposal and a business proposal. In fact these two types of proposals seem to be very similar but there are critical differences in the overall purpose, uses and goals. With such distinct differences for a writer it helps in understanding for writing the formal research proposal or business proposal more effectively. The general purpose of a proposal is the identify a particularRead MoreGuidelines on Writing a Research Proposal2565 Words   |  11 PagesGuidelines on writing a research proposal Introduction This is a guide to writing M.A. research proposals. The same principles apply to dissertation proposals and to proposals to most funding agencies. It includes a model outline, but advisor, committee and funding agency expectations vary and your proposal will be a variation on this basic theme. Use these guidelines as a point of departure for discussions with your advisor. They may serve as a straw-man against which to build your understandingRead MoreResearch Proposal2068 Words   |  9 PagesUniversity of South Africa 2013-05-30 Dear Sir/Madam Re: Research proposal: Why do People Volunteer Work. I am currently associated with UNISA where I am an honours student in Psychology. I have special interest in why do people volunteer work due to some volunteer work I am doing with a home called Botshabelo and an organisation called Stop Hunger SA. I have attached a proposal for further research in this field. The reasons for approaching you is because I will need fundingRead MoreFormal Research vs Business Proposal Essay778 Words   |  4 PagesFormal Research vs. Business Proposals Comparing and contrasting any business proposal can be a little confusing when there is little to no knowledge of what either of the proposal really stands for or mean. Every business has the opportunity for change or to seek change. These business environments are potential projects that intermingled with the start of a new product. Depending on the company or organization’s focus, will determine which proposal is best to

Role of Cytokines in Autoimmune Disorders and Inflammatory Diseases

Question: Discuss about the Role of Cytokines in Autoimmune Disorders. Answer: Introduction Basically, the identification of critical roles that cytokines play in autoimmune and many inflammatory diseases has resulted in an improved treatment of these diseases (Abbas et al., 2014). The autoimmune illness is inclusive of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), (MS), psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus sclerosis, systemic sclerosis (SS), Crohn's disease (CD), and type-1 diabetes. These bring about many different characteristics associated with ill health. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body because it confuses it for something foreign (Egwuagu et al., 2015). Being the main cause of mortality as well as morbidity in the industrialized world, they affect about 3 to 8% of the worlds population. The occurrence of autoimmunity is felt due to reduced self-tolerance associated with the immune system, and this involves a couple of molecules that are different (Noack Miossec 2014). There exists a lifelong gap in the knowledge about the causative agents that act as the contributors to the initiation of these diseases, whether viral or bacterial pathogens (Abbas et al., 2014). Bacterial infections have been found to be the cause of such infections encompassing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. There is a need for further clarification concerning the pathogenesis of autoimmune process even though significant progress has been noted in the growth of latest mode of treatment (Noack Miossec 2014). Despite displaying the same features, the autoimmune diseases have pathogenic and clinical overlaps that include RA, SLE, SS, and psoriasis that have common chronic inflammatory joint diseases. In particular, SS and SLE share cardiac pathologies that are comparable (Siebert, 2015). Evidently, inflammatory chemokines are scientifically known to take part in the pathogenesis of the above diseases where a majority of them have been discovered recently and widely declared that factors such as the environment, immunity, and genes are the main contributors to a rise in autoimmunity (Egwuagu et al., 2015). Cytokines are a large group of peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins that are secreted by the cells and are also inclusive of chemokines, tumor necrosis factor, interleukins, lymphokines, interferons, growth factors, and adipokines. They have a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of these sicknesses through various ways that includes the regulation of inflammation and angiogenesis (Rapha el et al., 2015). However, there is a need to gain a whole comprehension of the molecules tangled in autoimmune diseases, proteome techniques, and functional genome as briefly described. IL-12 related associates perform a core role. In occasions where there is an existence of inflammatory cytokine interferon (IFN), available antigen-presenting cells (APCs) produce interleukin (IL)-12, that later leads to a differentiation of CD4+ T cells transformation to IFN- -secreting T helper type 1cells (Sun et al., 2015). On the other hand, it has the capability of making the IL-4 to cause the CD4+ T cells to preferably progress into IL-4- and IL-5- that later makes IL-13- to result in Th2 cells. However, convincing proof exists for the biologically known third effector CD4+ of a trail in autoimmunity. The Th17 T cells enhance the production of IL-17A as well as IL-17F. These are the two of the cytokines whose production is neither by Th1 or Th2 CD4+ T cells (Noack Miossec 2014). A mishmash of the transforming growth factor (TGF) -1 as well as IL-6, together with IL-23 results in the generation of the CD4+T cell subtypes (Raphael et al., 2015). After IL-23 stimulation, this modern kind of T cells yields a variety of inflammatory mediators that are inclusive of tumor necrosis factor (Teng et al., 2015). According to the existing knowledge, it emerges that IL-17-producing T cells are the ones responsible for a number of the inflammatory as well as autoimmune responses that were at one time attributed to Th1 cells (Raphael et al., 2015). Out of these, CD, TNF- in RA, psoriasis, and IL-6/IL-6R in RA have been demonstrated widely to be of clinical importance (Moudgil, 2015). A review of the biological aspects of IL-21 as well as its function in the course of pathogenesis of the related autoimmune sicknesses has been done recently. It was found that a sequence of autoimmune models IL-21 played an exclusively non-redundant role in autoimmunity and seemed to be a typical modulator, specifically for the adaptive immune response that is associated with self-tissue in chronic illnesses such as type-1 diabetes, MS, RA, and SLE (Abbas et al., 2014). Rheumatoid arthritis Primarily, this disease is detected as a result of prolonged irritation of the joints that lead to decreased movement and these later results to the emergence of key disabilities in most of the reported cases (Siebert, 2015). The joints synovial tissues form the major marks of this disease, although its nature can be systemic because it has an impact on the genes and patterns of proteins in the peripheral blood. Evidently, IL-17, IL-23, and IL-27 play a critical part in pathogenesis of RA (Abbas, Litchman Pillai, 2014). A study conducted in IL12/p35 and IL23/p19 knocks out CIA model in mice, one of the conforming mouse models of human RA. Consequently, the result was that IL-23 is important in autoimmune inflammation of joints (Floss, 2015). Naturally, IL-27 constitutes a family of IL-12. It plays a crucial role in the initial initiation of Th1 comebacks (Chong et al., 2014). IL-27 joins with a receptor that comprises of WSX-1/TCCR as well as gp130. These are significant in serving as a collective signal transduction receptor that is designated specifically for IL-6 (Teng et al., 2015). In general, IL-27 leads to anti-inflammation, and it is therefore considered to be a suppressor of autoimmunity (Prinz priller, 2017). IL-10 regulates the production of the proinflammatory cytokine in RA synovial tissues. Being a potential anti-inflammatory cytokine, its protein and mRNA were detected in joints of people with the disease (Sun et al., 2015). Evidently, potent anti-inflammatory cytokine has been found to foster the regulation of RA and OA. To add on, the counterbalancing of endogenously produced IL-10 in the RA synovial membrane cultures resulted in a significant increase in the protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines tumor linked to necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-1 (Sun et al., 2015). Recently, the biological contribution of IL-7 in RA has been identified (Teng et al., 2015). There is an increasing level of IL-7 as well as IL-15 mRNA coupled with protein expression from the synovial tissue cells of RA patients (Siebert, 2015). The role of IL-7 in synovial tissue of RA patients is to induce variation of CD14+ to form giant, multinucleated, and bone-resorbing cells. Additionally, the vital role played by ThIL-7 can take part in the chronic inflammation associated with the destruction of joints through T-cell interceded initiation of osteoclasts (Sun et al., 2015). Multiple sclerosis (MS) Primarily, MS refers to an inflammatory demyelinating illness that is chronic in nature and affects the nervous system (CNS), especially the white matter. In multiple sclerosis, the protective sheath (myelin) is attacked by the immune. As a result, it causes problems to the brain and the whole body at large (Maddur et al., 2012). Eventually, permanent damage may occur due to the deterioration of the nerves. Signs and symptoms of this disease may arise in a different manner, and this depends on the intensity of the damage and which nerve has been attacked (Nyirenda et al., 2015). Many neurological symptoms may be observed including epilepsy, aphasia, muscle weakness, visual problems, difficulties with coordination, and balance as well as changes in sensation. IFN- plays a vital part in multiple sclerosis. As such, elevated heights of IFN have shown through studies that allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) as well as individuals treated with IFN- was lethal to multiple sclerosis (Maddur et al., 2012). Evidently, genetic polymorphisms embodied in the IFNG gene are associated in a way with MS. Besides, researchers have declared that IL-23/Th17 trail takes part in EAE. In a manner, this pathway is of great importance in human beings (Nyirenda et al., 2015). Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) SLE can be described as a chronic disease which may alternate with periods of negligible symptoms. Most of the individuals with the disease may live a normal lifestyle after treatment (Maddur et al., 2012). It has a strong background related to genetic makeup, and 80% of patients are female. Patients may have skin lesions where the most common are the malar rash. SLE may also affect internal organs including heart, kidney, lungs, CNS, and joints (Prinz Priller, 2017). Other symptoms of abnormalities are observed in the blood including deficiency of thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, leucopenia, and complement (C4, C1q, and C2). Genes belonging to the functional groups of apoptosis, DNA repair or replication, and cell cycle regulation refer to the genes that are known to play roles in LE, such as Fc fragment, cytochrome c, immunoglobulin G, CD22, and p53. There is also evidence that immunosuppressive treatment in SLE can lead to a detrimental impact on the pathway and molecules that take part in the pathogenesis of LE (Floss, 2015). Cumulatively, lupus expresses a common characteristic that includes the upfront regulation of IL-1 members (Sun et al., 2015). Psoriasis This can be described as an inflammatory skin disease where there are a reasonable number of patients who suffer from a joint ailment. Psoriasis can be considered as a complex disease that involves coronary artery as well as the heart (Sun et al., 2015). There is a specific auto-antigen that has not been identified during the study of patients bearing this inflammatory disease. Without a doubt, IL-23/Th17 pathway plays an important role of psoriasis skin inflammation where it bears the growth of pro-inflammatory, IL-17-secreting CD4+ memory cells (Moudgil, 2015). Psoriasis plays a role in mediating epidermal skin thickening (acanthosis), as it is through the Th17 cytokine that enhances the intermediation of IL-23-inducing acanthosis. Finally, IL-23- can lead to the swelling of the ears that can decrease in IL-22-/- in the case of a particular study using mice (Sun et al., 2015). Systemic sclerosis (SSc) SSc is an autoimmune disease which is multisystem and can be detected due to the skin schlerosis. Internal organs may also be affected including heart, liver, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. COL7A1 and COL18A1 have been described as putative biomarkers in early stages of SSc (Maddur et al., 2012). Coagulation system, fibroblasts, T-cells, and B-cells together with the endothelial cells are involved in the pathogenesis of SSc. Their role is minor in this disease because only a trace of them is detected. Type I Diabetes Primarily, the contribution of cytokines found in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes (type I diabetes) was demonstrated using models. These functions include; the pathogenic role of IL-27, the plasticity of the subsets of T cells, and the protective contribution of IL-35 (Moudgil, 2015). This is also described as the influence of cytokines on rendering the effector T cells intractable to the suppression by Treg. This is the function of effector T cells that enhances the balance between IL-2 and IL-21, especially in infection vulnerability (Floss, 2015). Myocarditis More precisely, the role of this disease is in the initiation of an autoimmune disease (Rose, 2012). It is evidenced that the role of cytokines is normally at various phases of myocarditis progression, whereby CB3 activates the fabrication of innate cytokines that later triggers cardiac inflammation. In a way, a succeeding upsurge of Th2 as well as Th1 coordinates the autoimmune sensitivity against cardiac myosin. Th17 responsiveness enhances the mediation of dilated cardiomyopathy (Isono et al., 2014). Ideally, the comparative input of Th1 versus Th17 leads to the contrasting properties of IL-12 versus IFN-g, and of IL-4. It also results in IL-13 and the dichotomy of functionality in certain cytokines in the progression of the disease (Chong et al., 2014). Thyroiditis Mainly, this is one of the commonest autoimmune diseases that are organ-specific (Ganesh et al., 2011). As such, the role played by the cytokines in the autoimmune thyroiditis, particularly in a stage where the disease manifests itself as Hashimotos thyroiditis, is viewed as a disorder that is associated with hypothyroidism (Trovato et al., 2015). There is a significant contribution to Th1, Th2, as well as Th17 responses to the process of the disease in HT and Graves disease (Isono et al., 2014). Naturally, the significant contribution of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) is in the expansion of CD8a-dendritic cells (DCs) and also in the maintenance DCs in a semi-mature phenotype. As such, this leads in turn to the segregation as well as the expansion of IL-10- that produces Treg. It is evidenced that Treg are useful in the prevention and suppression of tentative autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT). Furthermore, IL-10 is known to suppress EAT through the inhibition of the costimulatory pathways. On the same note, it also plays a part in preventing the apoptosis of thyrocytes (Trovato et al., 2015). Also, contradictory effects of various cytokines include; regulatory and pro-inflammatory response. These cytokines include TNFa, IL-2, IL-7, and IL-1b (Moudgil, 2015). Uveitis Uveitis is one of the causative agents of blindness in the developed nations (Caspi et al., 2014). The diseases include uveoretinitis, retinitis, and retinopathy. Evidently, autoimmune inflammation is thought to be the most crucial component of uveitis process. The protective function of early IFN-g/IL-12 response in EAU has been highlighted, together with the double contribution of Th2 response as well as other cytokines (Teng et al., 2015). Crowns head disease Crohn's disease (CD) refers to a chronic inflammatory disorder, and it occurs throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Its characteristics are the episodes of relapse and remission. Despite being prevalent in North America and Europe, CD is being observed in developing countries due to westernization and industrialization (Neirath, 2014). It starts as an inflammatory process that in most cases affects terminal ileum and often leads to progressive as well as permanent bowel damage. A complication that occurs includes the structuring disease that is associated with symptoms related to bowel obstruction and penetrating disease that involves abscess and fistula formation (Sun et al., 2015). Ideally, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha has been proven to be directly associated with cytotoxic impacts to the intestinal mucosa in Crohn's head disease together with ulcerative colitis. Primarily, it also donates to the systemic displays that occur mostly in crown's diseases. Anti-TNF antibodies show a c lear anti-inflammatory impact in patients with this illness. Long-term effects caused by TNF blockage in vivo may have detrimental impacts especially in children (Egwuagu et al., 2015). Other roles of TNF in inflammatory diseases include the pathogenic contribution in the formation of blister lesions that are integral to bullous phemphigoid. Similarly, TNF is scientifically known to have an imperative role in the pathogenesis of RA. Furthermore, it has been noted that the variants of TNF gene function as the markers of RA sternness (Teng et al., 2015). Without a doubt, TNF entails the major cytokine in the development of T1D that contributes to beta cell dysfunction as well as death (Siebert, 2015). In a way, TNF could be vital to the interruption of tolerance to self-antigens in viruses that induce diabetes. Fascinatingly, the late manifestation of TNF in a framework can reinstate normal function of the beta cell, probably through the induction of T-cell apoptosis. As such, this is one of the contrasts that make up a regular matter with other cytokines (Neirath, 2014). In a nutshell, TNF is suggestively known to play a deviating part in the development of EAE as well as MS, by leading to demyelination alongside fostering the chronicity of the disease (EAE) or by regulating the disease process (MS) (Neirath, 2014). Willenborg and other authors, however, have portrayed that the presence of completely opposed interpretations on the effects of TNF in EAE can be accessed in the literature, spanning from pro-EAE to the range of anti-EAE (Moudgil, 2015). Some research works that have been done in the past indicate that EAE can be subdued by TNF (Teng et al., 2015). The treatment of patients suffering from autoimmune illnesses has been underpinned by the utilization of anti-inflammatory drugs as well as the introduction of immunosuppression for a considerable time. References Abbas, A. K., Lichtman, A. H., Pillai, S. (2014). Basic immunology: functions and disorders of the immune system. Elsevier Health Sciences. Chong, W. P., Horai, R., Mattapallil, M. J., Silver, P. B., Chen, J., Zhou, R., ... Caspi, R. R. (2014). IL-27p28 inhibits central nervous system autoimmunity by concurrently antagonizing Th1 and Th17 responses. Journal of autoimmunity, 50, 12-22. Egwuagu, C. E., Yu, C. R., Sun, L., Wang, R. (2015). Interleukin 35: Critical regulator of immunity and lymphocyte-mediated diseases. Cytokine growth factor reviews, 26(5), 587-593. Floss, D. M., Schrder, J., Franke, M., Scheller, J. (2015). Insights into IL-23 biology: from structure to function. Cytokine growth factor reviews, 26(5), 569-578 Isono, F., Fujita-Sato, S., Ito, S. (2014). Inhibiting RORt/Th17 axis for autoimmune disorders. Drug discovery today, 19(8), 1205-1211. Liu, X., Leung, S., Fang, L., Chen, X., Guo, T., Zhang, J. (2012). Interplay of Pathogenic TH1/TH17 Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Auto-immune Disease: A Tale of Yin and Yang. In TH17 Cells in Health and Disease (pp. 367-389). Springer New York. Maddur, M. S., Miossec, P., Kaveri, S. V., Bayry, J. (2012). Th17 cells: biology, pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and therapeutic strategies. The American journal of pathology, 181(1), 8-18. Moudgil, K.D., 2015. Interplay among cytokines and T cell subsets in the progression and control of immune-mediated diseases. Netea, M. G., Latz, E., Mills, K. H., O'neill, L. A. (2015). Innate immune memory: a paradigm shift in understanding host defense. Neurath, M. F. (2014). Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. Nature Reviews Immunology, 14(5), 329-342. Noack, M., Miossec, P. (2014). Th17 and regulatory T cell balance in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Autoimmunity reviews, 13(6), 668-677. Nyirenda, M. H., Morandi, E., Vinkemeier, U., Constantin-Teodosiu, D., Drinkwater, S., Mee, M., ... Constantinescu, C. S. (2015). TLR2 stimulation regulates the balance between regulatory T cell and Th17 function: a novel mechanism of reduced regulatory T cell function in multiple sclerosis. The Journal of Immunology, 194(12), 5761-5774. Prinz, M., Priller, J. (2017). The role of peripheral immune cells in the CNS in steady state and disease. Nature neuroscience, 20(2), 136-144. Raphael, I., Nalawade, S., Eagar, T. N., Forsthuber, T. G. (2015). T cell subsets and their signature cytokines in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Cytokine, 74(1), 5-17. Schett, G., Elewaut, D., McInnes, I. B., Dayer, J. M., Neurath, M. F. (2013). How cytokine networks fuel inflammation: toward a cytokine-based disease taxonomy. Nature medicine, 19(7), 822-824. Siebert, S., Tsoukas, A., Robertson, J., McInnes, I. (2015). Cytokines as therapeutic targets in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. Pharmacological reviews, 67(2), 280-309. Sun, L., He, C., Nair, L., Yeung, J., Egwuagu, C. E. (2015). Interleukin 12 (IL-12) family cytokines: role in immune pathogenesis and treatment of CNS autoimmune disease. Cytokine, 75(2), 249-255. Teng, M. W., Bowman, E. P., McElwee, J. J., Smyth, M. J., Casanova, J. L., Cooper, A. M., Cua, D. J. (2015). IL-12 and IL-23 cytokines: from discovery to targeted therapies for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Nature medicine, 21(7), 719-729. Trovato, M. C., Ruggeri, R. M., Scardigno, M., Sturniolo, G., Vita, R., Vitarelli, E., ... Bourdon, J. C. (2016). Immunoreactions for P53 isoforms are associated with ultrastructural proliferative profiles in benign thyroid nodules. Histology and histopathology, 31(10), 1079-1087. Wahren-Herlenius, M., Drner, T. (2013). Immunopathogenic mechanisms of systemic autoimmune disease. The Lancet, 382(9894), 819-831.

ERP System Implementation Journey Free Sample for Students

Question: Why an ERP Systems Journey May Never End. Answer: Introduction This report is based on ERP systems, its usage and its benefits that are gained by business organizations while using these systems for different purposes. The benefits of ERP systems occur over a period of time rather than occurring immediately. It is also believed by some business organizations that the journey of ERP systems is ongoing and benefits of all ERP systems is not same for all. Some companies may gain more benefits than others. According to researchers that differing benefits are result of usage of ERP systems at different stages by business organizations. Now the purpose of making this report is to discuss about the journey of companys ERP systems and how benefits may vary that are provided by ERP systems. Besides this, we will also emphasize on experiences of different companies that are using this system. Some other essential concepts such as why a journey of ERP may never ends, different stages in an ERP systems journey, potential benefits of each stage and identific ation of drivers and barriers for companies to move from one stage to the next. Main Body Now in this segment of report we will discuss above mentioned concepts and arguments about these topics in detail. Journey of Companys ERP Systems and How Benefits may vary The journey of ERP system in a company is related to implementation of ERP system. The implementation of ERP systems in a business organization is a wise and effective decision that helps to control cost. There are various benefits of ERP systems that are invaluable. But according to statistics and major headlines, it has been proven over and over again that implementations of ERP projects are failing to meet more than 50% requirements and expectations. There are many companies exist that have already passed through this. Besides this, it is also my experience that several clients and cost form attendees got disappointed by implementing system that was going to solve their problems. In this way, only implementation of ERP cannot consider as journey of ERP, it is actually related to successful implementation of ERP. To have a successful implementation of ERP, an organization must dedicate to adequate resources of business projects (Jennifer Kinzel, 2017). The beginning of ERP journey is from software that is selected by business organization and definition of processes that will be implemented. It will be better to define needs of business processes before selecting software (Klckner and Nayum, 2017). Besides this, it is essential that all business processes should be planned out to finest detail. But it cannot be done with external parties or consultants because they dont have knowledge about internal transactions of your business and intricacies of the internal business processes. In this case, it is responsibility of a business organization to confirm standard of ERP system and what possibilities of customizations of this system and cost are. It will be a blunder if we think that a fancy ERP system can do everything that we require. Sometimes, special business processes are adapted to fit in ERP systems and it cannot be done at individual basis. So fancy look of ERP cannot defines its capabilities, way of working and effectiveness. There is no doubt to say th at ERP is an ongoing activity. From its pre-installation steps journey begins and end of this journey cannot be defined because after successful installations, staff members training to work with ERP system, continuous modifications in ERP according to changing needs of users and management of data huge amount of data for business successes according to current circumstances of business organizations. So these processes cant stop or predefine. Therefore, in above ways journey of ERP system continues in a company. Case Study to exhibit different companies experience of using ERP As we have already discussed above that how some business organizations are getting different experiences in usage of ERP systems. Now in this segment of report, we will emphasize on companies experiences by using case study examples to highlight different benefits and weaknesses of ERP systems for them (Blogs.infor.com, 2017). As we know that ERP is Enterprise Resource Planning software solution which is an integrated suite of applications that can be used by business organizations to store and manage data at every stage of business. Due to this reason, every business organization prefer to use ERP systems (Searchsap.techtarget.com, 2017). But it is not ensured that for every business, the journey of ERP implementation is successful. To identify this thing, we have analyzed some case studies and two cases have come into our notice that shows how one of two different companies has got benefits from ERP system and another got drawbacks. These two companies and Cadbury and Hersheys (gu ide, 2017). Case Study of Cadbury Cadbury is a British Multinational confectionary company. It is the second largest confectionary brand in the world and big competitor of Wrigleys company (SearchCIO, 2017). There are various brands of Cadbury in India and in other countries like 5 Star, Oreo, Bournvita and Dairy Milk. Cadbury turns out towards implementation of SAP ERP 6.0 i.e. System Analysis and Program Development. The company preferred to use this system because SAP is considered largest global ERP implementation. The ERP was implemented with reduced operational cost in company. More than 10,000 employees were sending data to the SAP solution of company. Besides this, master data management solution of SAP is also added. After implementing ERP system by Cadbury following benefits are found: This company was on rapid paced growth and it could not continue any more with the existing systems. These existing systems were too slow due to some inefficiencies in it. But ERP added efficiency and also guided to enhance growth of business. The implementation of ERP provided a new way to manage warehouse, branches and offices of Cadbury (Bansal, 2013). With implementation of ERP, company enhanced its strength and now competing successfully in competitive market (Hong and Kim, 2002). The initial implementation of ERP was a time-consuming process but after this successive implementations was completed in lesser time and cost. The main advantage of ERP was saving cost in implementation phase of companys projects. The successful results of ERP was an internal process of restructuring and here reaction from competitors does not matter. With the help of ERP system, Cadbury has built-in robust regular feedback system and it is used to monitor the changes and to check that these are working according to predefined plan or not. The whole implementation is cross-functional and it is necessary to have increase in the efficiency. The above discussed are some effective benefits of ERP software solution that has gained by Cadbury Company after making decision to implement ERP. In this way, for Cadbury ERP was proved successful to handle its business issues and to increase growth of business at rapid pace. While selecting vendors for ERP, Cadbury selected best in class vendors and they helped the process in modernized fashion. Due to this, in initial phase of ERP implementation all possible hiccups were avoided. The ERP system eventually set low cost and high result implementation that highlights the success and benefits. Another company that has implemented ERP system was Hersheys, but unfortunately, it did not get benefits like Cadbury. Case Study of Hersheys The largest manufacturer of chocolate in North America is Hersheys. Headquarter of this company is in Pennsylvania. This company was established in 1894 and there are near about sixty countries worldwide where Hersheys is selling its products. The 80% sale of Hersheys business is from chocolate and 20% is non-chocolate. Like Cadbury, Hersheys also decided to implement ERP solution in its organization. The main reason to implement ERP system is to enhance competitiveness of company and customer service. So during late 1996, the management of this company gave approval to use ERP system for handling Enterprise21 project. Therefore, SAPs R/3 ERP software were selected to manage integration among three systems such as Manugistics SCM software, Siebels CRM software and IBM Global Service. The overall cost of project was US$10 Million and recommended time for implementing project was four years. It was also decided by Hershey that Big Bang approach will be used for project implementation r ather than phased approach. Unfortunately, this strategy of implementing ERP system in Hersheys was not right decision and ERP failure occurred. Following ERP failure was encountered by Hersheys Company. The main problems were found in fulfillment of orders, processing and shipping of orders. Hersheys was not able to meet its committed date of delivery. There were many distributors of Hersheys, who had ordered the products, were not able to supply those products to retailers on time. Due to this credibility of ERP was lost in market. Due to announcement of Hersheys in market that delay issues occurred due to malfunctioning of newly installed ERP system, the charged by 8% was encountered in stock price of company in one day. These crucial failures were encountered by Hersheys Company due to implementation of ERP system for handling its business activities and projects. To more elaborate this issue of Hersheys journey of ERP implementation, we would like to discuss about reasons of failure of ERP. Reasons of Failure of ERP in Hersheys Following reasons are brought into notice by Hersheys Company regarding failure of ERP system implementation. The first reason of failure of ERP implementation is over-squeezing in schedules implementation. The selection of Big Bang approach rather than phased approach was not a right decision. For the sake of convenience, sacrificing of testing of systems was a big mistake. In busiest business periods of Hersheys, cutover activities and Go Live was scheduled which was also a main reason of failure of ERP in Hersheys Company. This failure was so much critical for Hersheys Company and this company has learnt a lot from this failure. The main learnings of Hersheys company from this failure are listed as below: The first lesson was that an ERP implementation project should not be forced into an unreasonable timeline. The over-squeezing implementation of schedules is a way to overlook critical issues. In this case, testing phases are considered safety nets that should never be compromised (Ram, 2017). Other essential lesson was that no scheduling should be done during busy seasons. Whether there is best-case implementation scenario in an organization but still companies should learn curves and operational performances tips. From above discussed case studies it is cleared that implementation of ERP systems may successful or unsuccessful for business organizations according to circumstances and strategies of company. The reason of success of ERP in Cadbury is its strategic plans and approaches to run ERP according to business circumstances. But in Hersheys it was not implemented properly, so there ERP was a failure. Now in next segment of report, we will discuss about some other essential concepts regarding ERP systems and its implementation in business organizations (NetSuite.com, 2017). Why an ERP systems journey may never End? In above segments of report, we have already discussed the concept of journey of ERP systems in an organization. On the behalf of above discussion, we can say that it is right journey of ERP may never ends because after completing all installation steps of ERP, the steps of staff training, periodic custom modifications according to business needs never end. That is why ERP systems journey is an on-going activity (Roy, 2017). What are potential stages of ERP Systems journey? The ERP i.e. Enterprise Resource Planning is an important system that is used to handle business activities. This system is powerful enough to store, manage and modify huge amount of companys data in it. It is a user-friendly software but its proper training is required by its users. Otherwise heavy losses can occur like Hersheys company. But there is no need disappoint because Cadbury is also an example of good results of ERP implementation (Venkatraman and Fahd, 2016). There are some essential stages of ERP systems journey that are considered while implementing ERP systems into business organizations. Here in this segment of report we will discuss about these stages of ERP system journey (Managementstudyguide.com, 2017). Pre-Evaluation Screening Evaluation Gap Analysis Training Testing Pre-Evaluation Screening It is necessary for an organization that before looking for an ERP solution, pre-evaluation of business needs and requirements should be done. In this first stage, companies conduct a careful inventory of their needs. The participants from multiple disciplines are included, who will use ERP systems, in this stage of ERP system journey. The main goal of this stage is to gain a clear and comprehensive understanding of the needs, tools, resources and challenges of organization (marketing, 2017). Evaluation Stage Under this stage of ERP system journey, different vendors are found out by companies to get best offers by evaluating pros and cons of their products. If a company gets a product according to its requirements and at best cost then that is considered an appropriate match (Workwise LLC, 2017). Gap Analysis Under this stage of ERP system journey, an analysis of gap between the desired solutions and what is available in market takes place. It is a better idea to back to the vendors that is considered by company and to that vendor it can be asking that how these gaps can be addressed (Skyward Techno Blog, 2017). Training Every person in an organization that will use ERP system, he/she needs training. The training program should be created to know about needs, schedules and scope of training (Ganesh and Mehta, n.d.). In some companies, training process may be of one day and in another companies it can be of two-three days (Pcbennett.com, 2017). Testing This is also an important stage of ERP systems. At this stage alignment of systems functionality with the set of requirements for the project are tested. The overlapping among testing and development phases is often seen. But after implementing this step, it becomes easier to identify bugs and errors in a system that can cause issues in overall functionality of an ERP. At the end of this phase, the members of project team can do their jobs with comfort on new systems. It is final step before start using new ERP system in business organization. Besides above discussed stages of ERP system, deployment and ongoing support stages of ERP system can also be considered. Under deployment stage of ERP system journey, organization and vendor will evaluate the whole situation and will make final decision that system is ready to implement or not. Prior to go live, the final data is also validated and loaded. Under this stage, project team also starts training stage for employees who will work on new system. In deployment stage of ERP system journey, all preparations are done to make a product live without any error or fault in it. Once ERP system has gone live in organization, it is essential for vendor to provide ongoing support. Over a period of time with the evolvement, the way of users work within the system also evolves and according to this evolvement different adjustments and changes to the configuration of system are done. This ongoing support never ends and also ERP journey. Potential Benefits of each Stage As we have discussed above some main stages of ERP system journey. Now there are different benefits of each stage that are listed as below: Benefits of Pre-Evaluation Stage The main benefit of this stage is that, an organization is cleared about its all needs and purchase ERP system according to its needs or requirements without any doubt. The ERP system is purchased according to requirements of employees who will work on this system (SearchCIO, 2017). Benefits of Evaluation Stage Under this stage, best vendor can be selected among multiple vendors and best solution can be found (Columbus SC24/7 Staff, 2017). Benefits of Gap Analysis The main benefit of gap analysis is that an organization can aware about the market trends for ERP systems and then can purchase accordingly (Memoire Online, 2017). Benefits of Training By providing training to employees, they can learn best way to implement ERP solution to perform various business activities in secure and reliable ways. Benefits of Testing Through testing stage of ERP system, an error-free system can be used by organization which is necessary to maintain long term security and sustainability of ERP system. Drivers and Barriers for Companies to move from one stage to next The main drivers for companies, those want to implement ERP systems, to move from one stage to next include reviews of overall project scope and planning , review of driving principles for developing project, evaluation of misfit resolution strategies, evaluation regarding attaining benefits and evaluation regarding users and organizational learning (Seo, 2013). On other side we talk about barriers for companies to move from one stage to other is lack in fulfillment of requirements of previous stage that will leave that stage incomplete. So if previous stage will be incomplete then company will not move to other stage (Chiodo, 2017). Conclusion After this whole discussion about ERP system journey we can say that it is an interesting concept to discuss about overall journey of ERP system implementation in an organization and to know about essential things included in it. ERP systems are very popular among business organizations and it is hard for its users to think that ERP systems can be failed. But in this report, we have discussed case study about failure of ERP system. In that case study, it is clearly defined that improper use of ERP systems in organizations lead to failure of projects. On another side, this report also represents the benefits of ERP systems for an organization that has understood its value. Therefore, these essential aspects regarding ERP systems should be taken into account by business organizations those want to implement ERP systems. References Chiodo, T. (2017). The Five Stages of ERP Implementation. [online] Baass.com. Available at: https://www.baass.com/blog/the-five-stages-of-erp-implementation [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. Managementstudyguide.com. (2017). Phases of ERP Implementation. [online] Available at: https://www.managementstudyguide.com/erp-implementation-phases.htm [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. Columbus SC24/7 Staff, S. (2017). 7 Steps to Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems Implementation Success - Supply Chain 24/7. [online] Supplychain247.com. Available at: https://www.supplychain247.com/article/7_steps_to_enterprise_resource_planning_erp_systems_implementation_success [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. marketing, e. (2017). 12 Phases of a Successful ERP Implementation Project. [online] e2benterprise Blog. Available at: https://blog.e2benterprise.com/12-phases-of-a-successful-erp-implementation-project-part-1-of-2/ [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. Workwise LLC. (2017). 3 Stages of ERP History | WorkWise ERP Blog. [online] Available at: https://www.workwisellc.com/stages-erp-history/ [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. Skyward Techno Blog. (2017). 10 Steps to Successful ERP Implementation - Skyward Techno Blog. [online] Available at: https://www.skywardtechno.com/blog/erp-implementation-steps/ [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. Pcbennett.com. (2017). 6 Phases of an ERP Implementation Plan | PC Bennett Solutions. [online] Available at: https://pcbennett.com/blog/6-phases-erp-implementation-plan [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. Roy, (2017). case study on ERP success(cadbury) and failure(hershey's). [online] Slideshare.net. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/ChitrangadaRoy1/case-study-on-erp-successcadbury-and-failurehersheys [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. Jennifer Kinzel, C. (2017). Implementing A New ERP System: Its About The Journey. [online] William Vaughan Company Costing for Profitability. Available at: https://costingblog.wordpress.com/2013/05/13/implementing-a-new-erp-system-its-about-the-journey/ [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. Ram, J. (2017). Competitive advantage from ERP projects : examining the role of key implementation drivers. 1st ed. Pergamon. SearchCIO. (2017). ERP Project Journey Kicks Off for One CIO - CIO Magazine. [online] Available at: https://searchcio.techtarget.com/magazineContent/ERP-Project-Journey-Kicks-Off-for-One-CIO [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. guide, I. (2017). Implementing an ERP system: a step-by-step guide - South Florida | WhiteOwl. [online] WhiteOwl. Available at: https://www.gowhiteowl.com/2017/01/implementing-erp-system-step-step-guide/ [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. Blogs.infor.com. (2017). Why is a modern ERP system so crucial? One companys journey - From the Source. [online] Available at: https://blogs.infor.com/fromthesource/2016/05/modern-erp-system-crucial-one-companys-journey/ [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. SearchCIO. (2017). ERP Project Journey Kicks Off for One CIO - CIO Magazine. [online] Available at: https://searchcio.techtarget.com/magazineContent/ERP-Project-Journey-Kicks-Off-for-One-CIO [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. Memoire Online. (2017). Memoire Online - Influence of an ERP system on the value chain process of multinational enterprises (mnes) - Bosombo Folo Ralph. [online] Available at: https://www.memoireonline.com/01/10/3095/m_Influence-of-an-ERP-system-on-the-value-chain-process-of-multinational-enterprises-mnes8.html [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. Seo, G. (2013). Challenges in implementing enterprise resource planning (ERP) system in large organizations. 1st ed. NetSuite.com. (2017). Do you know what ERP is? Learn how ERP can help your business with this informative article. [online] Available at: https://www.netsuite.com/portal/resource/articles/erp/what-is-erp.shtml [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. Wailgum, T. (2017). ERP Definition and Solutions. [online] CIO. Available at: https://www.cio.com/article/2439502/enterprise-resource-planning/erp-definition-and-solutions.html [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. Searchsap.techtarget.com. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: https://searchsap.techtarget.com/definition/ERP [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. Klckner, C. and Nayum, A. (2017). Specific Barriers and Drivers in Different Stages of Decision-Making about Energy Efficiency Upgrades in Private Homes. Venkatraman, S. and Fahd, K. (2016). Challenges and Success Factors of ERP Systems in Australian SMEs. Systems, 4(2), p.20. Bansal, V. (2013). Identifying Critical Success Factors for ERP in SMEs through a Case Study. International Journal of Future Computer and Communication, pp.471-475. Ganesh, L. and Mehta, A. (n.d.). Understanding Cloud Based ERP Implementation in Light of Conventional ERP Implementation at Indian SMEs: A Case Study. SSRN Electronic Journal. Hong, K. and Kim, Y. (2002). The critical success factors for ERP implementation: an organizational fit perspective. Information Management, 40(1), pp.25-40.

The Use Of Dialectic To Define Justice Essays -

The Use Of Dialectic To Define Justice Through the use of Socratic dialogue, Plato has an advantage at obtaining answers by refuting other philosophers. Plato is able to achieve an answer to the question, what is justice. He derives this answer through an analogy of the ideal city. The ideal city parallels the concept of the ideal person as Plato uncovers with the aid of dialectic. Plato defines justice as a function of harmony, which must first be achieved in an individual before being extended to the city. Speaking through Socrates Plato defines justice as a philosophical understanding of excellence in the organization of society and human soul. In book IV Socrates refutes the notion that justice is visible, while using the Socratic method of dialogue. He questions that justice is the virtue that has no physical representative. Through the state, Socrates inferred that justice can be understood as opposed to being seen. In order to grasp the concept of the ideal city or the happy state one must first analyze its components. Plato does this with dialectic. Then he questions that each individual is a member of one of three groups: Rulers, Guardians, and the Producer class. Each one of the specifications of labor 2 within the kallipolis accompany a chief characteristic. The rulers were considered to have wisdom as their virtue. People chosen to be a ruler exhibited a special knowledge for leading the state. In the kallipolis rulers make their judgment for the happiness of the state as opposed to their own individual happiness. Is there some knowledge possessed by some of the citizens in the city?that does not judge about any particular matter but the city as a whole and the maintenance of good relations both internally and with other cities?(pg.104,428d) The next virtue, Plato discovers through the Socratic method, was courage. This power to preserve through everything correct and law-inculcated belief about what is to be feared and what isn't is what I call courage.(105,430b) This virtue resided mainly in the guardians. Each soldier was trained from their childhood about what to fear and what not to fear. Courage was apparent in the soldier? beliefs in the state laws as well as doing whatever was necessary to protect the state. Through the Socratic method, Plato makes an analogy of the soldiers to poorly dyed wool, stating that a soldier will never present a ridiculous and washed out appearance. The next virtue, moderation, Plato discovered through the Socratic method was needed in every member of the kallipolis, but he divulged that it was the attribute of the 3 producer class. Unlike courage and wisdom... Making the city brave and wise respectively, moderation spreads throughout the whole.(pg.107,431e) Moderation was necessary for each class, especially this one since the craftsmen are considered the appetites of kallipolis. Through dialogue with Glaucon, Plato concludes that producers were moderate; guardians were moderate and courageous; and the rulers were moderate, courageous, and wise. After Socrates has found the other three virtues in the kallipolis, he then moves on to justice. Socrates felt that justice was the virtue that was left over. Justice was an understanding in the kallipolis of each individual performing their job without interfering with that of another. Socrates placed the other three virtues first and as a result he arrived with the conclusion that justice or morality is achieved through a harmony of the others. Therefore Socrates defined justice as a function of wisdom, courage, and moderation all working together to produce the best for the state. Justice was considered as the harmony of the city as well as an individual. Socrates felt that through examining the state and its parts he could discover justice in the individual. Each individual was as the state, with three different parts: 4 mind, body, and spirit. The mind acted in each individual as a ruler. The virtue of the mind was wisdom just as the ruler of the state. Courage is also found in the soul of the individual in the form of the spirit. The spirit acts as the guardian of the soul just as the soldier does for the city. And isn't in the individual courageous in the same way and in the same part of himself

History Essays

History Essays History Essay History Essay During the winter of 1692, in the small village of Salem, Massachusetts, something terrible happened. Salem Massachusetts became the center of a horrible tragedy, which changed the life of many people. It was a time of fear, because of bad crops, Indian raids, and diseases. The people of Salem Village had to blame something, or someone. The people of Salem Village accused people, and called them witches. They were accused of all those terrible things and more. Salem Village was a small, farming community with a population of 550. It was smaller than Salem Town, and about eight miles away. Salem Town was a large port, and was a prosperous fishing community The two towns had the same minister, and used the same church as the people in Salem Village. At that time there was two groups in the village. Those who wanted to be separate from Salem Town, and those who did not. Samuel Parris was the minister of the group that did want to be separate. He helped divide the groups even more by his sermons. He called the group that did not want to separate, evil and bad, and the group that did, good and righteous. Compare with the dynasty of Qing, people was had no cerebration to share money ith strangers so that the problem of extreme disparity between the rich and the poor was very serious and it bought out many refugees indirectly. To the political factors, China has been increased the commercial potential with foreign base on the industry development under the Peoples Livelihood and this make China become more internationalization. The other philosophy of Three Peoples Principle is Democracy. Democracy means strive for the political power of people. Before 1911, China interior government was full of corruptions and the office holders were misuse heir power to hector people. Confront these reasons, people live perplexity because of office holders savage acts and the high taxation. To modify this situation, Sun Yixian address a country abundant or not is base on people. People should have a power to interference government and also partake with governments decision through an election. Sun Yixian hope that everyone is equal under his dominion. In front of this conversion, the relations between government and people has been changed. Governments work position is not depends on authority anymore, everyone an enter the different Jobs of government with their own competence in the civil servant examination system. With the proceed of Democracy, people finally own the right to speak and the efficiency of administrations interior operate was increased substantially. For the last cerebration of Three Peoples Principle is Nationalism which the creation of a strong Chinese state. Nationalism is a way to united different races of China and it also mind to strive for every races are equality. Racial discrimination is familiar nowadays and it always call injured within the argue etween different nations. The problem of extreme disparity between the rich and the poor is not only being in a society, it may also being in a country Just like China. Power and money decided each races value and bought out resentful. Base on Sun Yixians theory, this action is violate the framework of equal. To reform the relation between race and race, Sun Yixian suppose use morality and peaceful to be a groundwork and there are no distinction whatever what race you are. To the smaller nation, we have to help them and support them in every way so that they may ecome more formidable. A united country is a key point to resist enemy and develop society vigorously. For this superiority, foreign will not try to start a war with China easily. To sum up the political situation between 1911 and 1924 which has changed by Sun Yixians theory Three Peoples Principle, China has been more powerful and its station of world has been totally increased. After that, Foreign treat China as ones equal since China became industrialization and started has business connections with China. In the other side, the peoples livelihood of China interior was all receive a good quality and the administration is more upright. To contrast with the period which Sun Yixian was not yet appeared in the political world, China was full of internal revolt and foreign invasion and it is very unstable. For the interior of China, people start uprising always and try to push over Qing government such as Wuchang Uprising and Second Guangzhou Uprising because of they cannot accept the eunuchs monopoly of power intensely. Sun Yixian end up Qings tyrannical system and created a new system which is to hand state power back to the people. He also promoted the freedom of the capitalist system successfully. Through by his theory carry, Chinas political affairs become flourishing and more modern. China is not Just a country which a hole in the wall anymore, China has been solely responsible for one section. Base on these reasons, Sun Yixian has became an important politician affecting the development of China between 1911 and 1924 and bring China toa new page. History Essays History Essay History Essay Chapter 1: The Foundations of Complex SocietiesAbraham Neolithic era Moses Paleolithic era Saul cuneiform David Sargon of Akkad Solomon Mesopotamia King Cyrus the Great Homo sapiens Muhammad Gilgamesh Assyrians Nebuchadnezzar Babylonians Allah YahwehThe Boarder Influence of Mesopotamian Society Metallurgical innovations ranked among the most important developments that came about because of ______________________. About 3500 BCE experimentation with ____________ Metallurgy led to the invention of _______________ when Mesopotamian metalworkers learned to alloy _____________ with tin. Unlike pure copper, _____________ is both hard and strong, and it quickly became the preferred metal for military weaponry as craftsmen turned out swards, spears, axes, shields, and armor made of the recently invented metal. The Best known cases of early Mesopotamian influence involved Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews, who preserved memories of their historical experiences in an extensive collection of ______________________. Israelites formed a branch of Hebrews who settled in Palestine (modern day Israel) after 1300 B.C.E, these early _____________________ who inhabited lands between Mesopotamia and Egypt during the second millennium B.C.E. _______________ descended from the southern Israelites who inhabited the kingdom of Judah. According to the Hebrew scriptures (_______________________________), the Hebrews patriarch ________________ came from the Sumerian city of Ur, but he migrated to northern Mesopotamia about 1850 BCE. About 1300 BCE, this branch of the Hebrews departed under the leadership of ____________ and returned to ___________________. Organized into a loose federation of twelve _____________, those Hebrew, known as _______________, fought bitterly with other inhabitants of Palestine and carved out a territory for themselves. Eventually they would abandon their inherited tribal structure in favor of

John. F. Kennedy and Woman's rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

John. F. Kennedy and Woman's rights - Essay Example What followed will be argued to be two-fold: first, the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women [Woloch 504], and second, it will be argued that that commission along with the Civil Rights Act had a direct impact on the creation of the Equal Pay Act of 1963 [Maclean 175]. While Kennedy did not live to see the practical and legal impact of both, his mandate or vision is nonetheless captured in his successor's words. Commenting on the passing of the Equal Pay Act, Kennedy's former Vice-President, Lyndon Johnson asserted: â€Å"not just equality as a right and a theory but equality as a fact and equality as a result† [Katznelson 542]. In the long term, the influence or onset of legislation in the Kennedy era can be seen the establishment and operation at the Federal level of government, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission [Wolach 560] and as the precedent for all kinds of the affirmative action claims and challenges. And, Wolach points to specific cases where †Å"employers might sometimes favor women and minorities over better qualified men and whites to correct a conspicuous imbalance† [Wolach 560] While the right to vote, or the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1919 was unquestionably one of the most important landmarks in Twentieth-century Woman's rights history, it can be said that the back-drop necessary for the Kennedy era legislation was a shift or transformation in attitudes or public sentiment. In particular, the following will argue that the transformation of the role of women in the labor force by during the First World War, the Great Depression and the Second World War, significantly and indelibly stamped a change that has ever since been only an impact measured in terms of progress. As Wolach writes: â€Å"The Great Depression and World War II were disruptive emergencies that changed women's roles at home, at work, and in public life† [Wolach 438]. Wolach points to the trans-formative impact of this period r esulting from the direct participation of women in the work-place. The emergencies were defined in terms of labor shortages in the case of both wars. And, the transformation that being referred to in the present context, is basically the increase of women participating in all forms of menial labor and other areas that had an impact in two important senses. That is, important in terms of the impact on public sentiment. First, the patriarchal order that had a systemically constructed prejudice against women's abilities, was challenged. The basic perception of women were capable of doing or accomplishing changed. As Wolach stresses, the spectrum of it's impact had to do with â€Å"public life† [Wolach 560] as well. For instance, one of the changes that occurred in both Wars but in a more influential sense, during the First World War, was the admission in greater numbers of women in post-secondary institutions or colleges and universities. With great access to education, there wa s likewise a greater advancement of women in the professions or those fields that required post-secondary education. Greater participation in every facet of the labor force, and in the advanced education system meant that a change for the positive occurred in regard to the patriarchal order's perception of women and their capabilities. At the very same time, it can be said that they also viewed women as a form of opportunity as well. No one would challenge that greater labor

Article 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Article 4 - Essay Example Apart from the stated reasons above, the pupils might also exhibit challenging behavior because of other reasons like disabilities (autism, for example), limited communication from the adult to the pupil, limited cognitive and emotional skills, giving too much directions (and the child could not follow), differently carried routines and expectations, or they may want to continue what they are doing and refuse to do the next objective. Now these challenging behavior occur because of the program staff structure, schedule and implementation of transitions – the transitions may be too long and the children spend a lot of time waiting for nothing do, or just because the instructions about the things to do aren’t clear. That is why programs should be designed with minimal transitions as much as possible. Schedules with children that engage in planned activities, spend little time waiting and making transitions decrease the likelihood of exhibiting challenging behavior. To minimize transitions in a class, teachers should plan well and modify certain parts of the schedule so that the children would not be idle and be engaged in interesting activities. The trick in keeping challenging behavior minimal is to let the children know the expectations in a transition; this may require modeling by role-playing or by pictures/visual cues. For example, in hand washing, the teacher may use a pupil as a model for other pupils and use a step by step diagram to guide the children in washing their hands. These transitions also help foster social skills and emotional development as there is constant communication between students and the teacher (interactivity). However, there are some children who still continue to have challenging behavior. This may call for individualized transition strategies. When teachers find out and evaluated these transitions, they can now revise strategies to help children deal with transitions easily. This will lead to fun, successful and

Water safety and quality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Water safety and quality - Research Paper Example Access to safe and quality water as a basic human right has proven to be challenging worldwide, let alone in the developing countries, but also in the developed nations.Safe and quality water is important for the health of people in any society to prevent risks of diseases and ensure proper sanitation and hygiene. Water safety and quality is a health concern and serves to enable people access pure, clean, and uncontaminated water for their healthy drinking. However, to facilitate effective quality drinking water, it requires intense coordination from public water treatment systems, in-plant water consumption together its distribution process and the general attention to external weather related issues in the environment (Doyle 5). Water is freely provided by nature, but it does not mean that all water available is safe for consumption. Even the fresh water sources from the ground, which most people in the rural areas rely on, could be unsatisfactory for health standards. What hinders water safety and quality: Pollution is the major case that governments and organizations have to take precaution on. Water pollution is caused by the daily activities in a wider range; from domestic functions, industries and plants use and discharge to the general public care of its environment. According to the United Nations (1), the growth in population and changing climatic conditions continue to be affected by the decline in water quality. Nations’ economies and the global life of the living organisms are at stake in the absence of quality safe water. Pollution from human settlement: Areas where the population density is high will always have a problem in sanitation and disposal of waste products if not well controlled. Despite the effort made so far, there still exist towns and municipalities without proper ways of disposing the societies’ household waste (â€Å"Human Impacts,† keystone.edu). People living in slums have limited resources that have to be s hared equally by all. Faecal contamination (both in humans and animals) is one challenge affecting safety of drinking water and it leads to a spread of health illnesses to millions of people in the world (UNICEF unicef.org). Lack of enough toilets and proper identified locations, to deposit their domestic waste limits the societies’, and water environment health standards. The sewage and waste come into contact with the water supply systems hence affecting the water quality. Pollution from industries: Industries use the water in their cleaning, processing, and cooling systems. In the end, the waste water effluent consists of different kinds of chemicals, both organic and inorganic, which if released untreated, increases the level of arsenic compounds in the water bodies over time. Referring to the United Nations, industries are associated with the increase of solvents, toxic substances, heavy metals, and chemicals dumped into the water bodies among other wastes (2). People en d up using the water not knowing the content of dangerous compounds that exist. The water that comes into contact with such effluent automatically becomes unsafe for use. People are used to bathing in the beach and rivers thinking that the water is safe even for their swimming. Although people have an irresponsible behavior of urinating in the water, there are other invisible hazards identified in large water bodies where they go swimming. According to a sanitary and safety investigation, water bodies and especially in the beach, may portray presence of toxic contaminants, medical infectious waste, sewage, wastewater discharge, petroleum products, and floatable debris if measured (nyc.gov). Pollution from agricultural activities: Nowadays, farming makes use of chemicals in almost all stages of crops growth and livestock production. In USA, fertilizer and manure run off is the main issue in water pollution (UN 2). Animals are feed on manufactured products that are made using chemical s, cleaned in chemicals

Stereotypies: Antecedents and Consequences in Domestic Dog

Stereotypies: Antecedents and Consequences in Domestic Dog Stereotypies their antecedents and consequences in the domestic dog (Canis Familiaris) 1 Chapter 1: Introduction (2000 words) 1424 1.1 Repetitive Behaviours 2 The simplest behaviours are repetitive including normal play but this usually has a challenge, an example is avoiding cracks in the pavement (Williams and Hill, 2012). There are many kinds of repetitive behaviour, when learning a trick the behaviour is practiced until the whole trick is flawless. Many believe that the young play as a way of practicing the skills needed when adults; however research by Fagen (1981) and Smith (1982) found that â€Å"play is not practice†. 1.1.1 Normal behaviours Normal behaviour is essential to promote an animal’s psychological and physical homeostasis so the animal can interact with and modify its environment. One of the five freedoms used to assess animal welfare is the ability to express normal behaviours (FAWC, 2009). However, the definition of normal behaviours in human terms is relative to a person’s culture and age and may be related to an animal’s culture. Kilgour (2012) asserts the definition of normal behaviour is not straightforward; however, an ethogram of domestic animals nearest wild relatives gives some idea of an animal’s different behaviours and time budgets. Lindsay (2001:pp.40-42) provides a dog ethogram of ‘normal behaviours’. Daily activity for dogs and their owners tends to vary day to day but over the seven days affords a more constant estimate of activity (Dow et al., 2009) this indicates that many companion dogs’ activities tend to be routine. Stressed dogs frequently find grooming calming, if the stress is long term this can lead to over grooming causing hair loss and damage to the skin. 1.1.2 Abnormal behaviours Abnormal behaviours are those that are atypical of animal’s in the wild (Birkett and Newton-Fisher, 2011). Abnormal repetitive behaviours are unvarying and apparently functionless that can be readily interrupted, whereas for stereotypy the behaviour must be difficult to interrupt (Mason and Latham, 2004; Haverbeke et al., 2008) these can be either impulsive/compulsive or stereotypies (Garner, 2006). 1.1.3 Stereotypic behaviours Stereotypic behaviours are all repetitive unexplained behaviours but are not necessarily predictable (Bergeron et al., 2006). Repetitive stereotypic behaviours may be symptomatic of stress but may not necessarily be a problem (Rooney et al., 2009), in the dog this could be grooming to relieve stress and only becomes a problem if it results in hair loss or damage to the skin. 1.1.4 Stereotypies Many people understand the term stereotypy to indicate that an individual exhibits a problem behaviour. 1.1.5 The Evolutionary view of Stereotypy Japyassà º and Malange (2014) write that from the evolutionary view the term abnormal behaviour should be avoided, because phenotypic diversity in genes, morphology and behaviour are major forces driving evolution. Phenotypic diversity is important as enables an organism to adapt to new environments; those behaviours that seem abnormal now could become the new normal depending upon evolutionary selection. The apparent lack of function in behaviour is questionable as eventually some function may be determined, or help in coping with stress or a means of communication. The function of stereotypes may also be revealed in unexpectedly perhaps related to communication (Japyassà º and Malange, 2014). 1.1.6 The Ethological and Animal Welfare view of Stereotypy The animal welfare view is that stereotypies are abnormal, functionless repetitive behaviours (Japyassà º and Malange, 2014). look for another ref. The ethological view is that stereotypies are repetitive behaviours that are unchanging irrespective of the context (Japyassà º and Malange, 2014). These views are drawn together by Mason (1991) defining stereotypy as repetitive, unvarying, uninterruptable behaviours with no apparent proximate or ultimate function. However, Rapp and Vollmer (2005) write that frequently stereotypic behaviours provides their own reinforcement and not social consequences. 1.1.7 What are Impulsive/Compulsive Behaviours Impulsive/compulsive repetitive behaviours are variable and have a goal directed; but the behaviour persists even after the achieving the goal or the goal becomes inappropriate (Garner, 2006). 1.1.8 Impulsive repetitive behaviours Impulsive repetitive behaviours are identified in humans with Tourette’s syndrome manifesting as complex tics, or as trichotillomania, hair plucking. 1.1.9 Difference between Impulsive/Compulsive Behaviours Clinically the distinction between impulsive and compulsive repetitive behaviours is important, however differentiating them is more complex in animals than in humans (Garner, 2006). 1.1.10 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Mills and Luescher (2006) state that stereotypy and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are hard to differentiate Eilam et al. (2012) add that OCD is a disabling condition affecting the sufferer’s quality of life. Ethology is the study of animal behaviour aiming to understand proximate and the ultimate causes of behaviours; the concept of the ethogram methodology is extended to the study of OCD behaviour (Eilam et al., 2012). Observations by Eilam et al. (2006) showed animals performing rigid behaviour sequences in specific locations, according to Kalueff et al. (2007) these are the spatiotemporal and locomotor characteristics of OCD. 1.1.11 What is the difference between OCB and stereotypy Chok and Koesler (2014) used functional analysis to assess the differences between stereotypy and obsessive compulsive behaviours (OCB) by identifying physiological states internal (heart rate) and external (defined by facial expression or vocalisations). Signs of pleasure were regarded as a measure positive reinforcement, hence stereotypy and of displeasure regarded as signs of OCB. 1.1.12 Obsessive-Compulsive Behaviours (OCB) Humans exhibiting obsessive-compulsive behaviours (OCB) are aware that these behaviours are irrational but are unable to resist their compulsion to continue to perform the behaviour. 1.2 Stereotypies and the environment 1.2.1 Maternal Deprivation Captive animals particularly in commercial environments but including companion animals are frequently removed from their mothers earlier than would occur in the wild (Latham and Mason, 2008). Maternal deprivation leads to an increase in the frequency and severity stereotypes these can be short term as with belly-nosing in piglets or can cause neural changes inducing later persistent stereotypes (Latham and Mason, 2008). The relationship between the animal’s stereotypic behaviour and the environmental deficit is not always clear. Wiedenmayer (1997) found that providing a substrate suitable for digging did not reduce stereotypies in gerbils but providing a tunnel system did. Digging was not the controlling motivation just means to achieve a burrow. 1.2.2 Stereotypy: Interdisciplinary Communication The term stereotypy has different uses in different research areas ethological, medical and animal welfare; there is not even an agreement about including lack of function or abnormality in the definition (Japyassà º and Malange, 2014). Edwards et al. (2012) asserts the lack of a consistent definition for stereotypies is insufficient for both academic and medical diagnostic purposes. 1.3 Stereotypies Behaviours 1.3.1 Ungulate stereotypies Ungulates are the most common mammal exhibiting stereotypy; many ungulate stereotypies tend to resemble species typical feeding and foraging behaviours (Bergeron et al., 2006). Examples of typical stereotypies for ungulates are given in Table 1. Cattle at pasture spend between 7 to 9 hours grazing and similar time ruminating; possibly herbivores have evolved to require a minimum feeding period each day (Redbo and Nordblad,1997). This could explain the number of oral stereotypies reported for animals fed on a concentrate food with restricted roughage as their time budget eating and ruminating is less that at pasture. Table 1: Examples of ungulate stereotypy 1.3.2 Carnivore stereotypies Some species of carnivores do well in captivity do not exhibit abnormal behaviours and breed successfully. While carnivores that have high activity levels and patrol large ranges have high levels of stereotypy. Vickery and Mason (2005) found carnivore stereotypies are mostly locomotory pacing and weaving, other reported stereotypies was some oral and head swaying. Clubb and Mason (2007) found the carnivore stereotypy levels are significantly predicted by their typical travel distances and natural home-range size. Perhaps some species are unsuitable for zoos and should be conserved in large areas that enable their natural behaviours. 1.4 Overall Research Aims 1.4.1 Relationship between breed type and stereotypy To try to measure the spread of different stereotypies across breed groups. It has been found that some breeds have their own particular set of stereotypes for example flack sucking in Doberman Pinchers (Houpt, 1992). 1.5 Outline Research Methods and Timescales 1.5.1 Research method A questionnaire will be used to measure the relationship between breed type and the stereotypy emitted. The survey was initially created using several survey software programs available online; many were restricted either the number of questions asked or the variety of question types was limited, or the resultant output file was not in a format readily converted for SPSS. Eventually Google Docs was selected and the survey created and was piloted on social media the resulting file of about 20 responses was downloaded in text format that could be readily input into a spreadsheet which then needs to be reformatted for input into SPSS for processing. The questionnaire included some questions that had open questions in the form of the ‘other’ option a free text input area. This was to allow flexibility and for respondents to feel empowered and encourage more accurate replies. This means these responses need interpreting and the formation of new categories or allocated to avai lable options for processing (Questionnaire, 2015). These questions are qualitative but once the responses have been interpreted in allocated to categories, the subsequent treatment of the data will be quantitative and analysed using quantitative statistical methods. The social environment shared by the domestic dog and their human companions unique and investigating the environment care must be taken not introduce bias by the questions asked. 1.5.2 Comparability of Responses 1.5.2.1 Outline Research Method 1 Timescales During May 2015 the survey was deployed in several different social media and forums across a number of interest groups including relating to dogs: trainers, problems, breed categories and general chat forums. The number of respondents stalled by June and further locations sort.

The Problems with Human Population Essay -- Carrying Capacity Humans G

The Problems with Human Population In Chapter III of The Origin of Species, Darwin writes: "Even slow-breeding man has doubled in twenty-five years, and at this rate, in a few thousand years, there would literally not be standing room for his progeny.† (Darwin 29) Three hundred years ago, the population was only at about 500 million, and during this time the population was at a slow increase. Another factor during this period of time was the birth and death rates were at much higher levels. Many babies were born, but many also died. â€Å"Living conditions were such that many of the remaining children failed to survive beyond the age of thirty.† (Black 84) The crisis of Over Population should not be a surprise to anyone, currently if you were to look at the world Pop clock, which is a counter supported by the U.S. Bureau of the Census you would find a number that has risen from 6,367,148,920. This is the amount of people on earth May 8, 2004 at 8:39:47 PM; this number is constantly rising at about 8 milli on people per month. At the present rate, the population will rise to a point that it will max out the earth’s carrying capacity leaving humans with a lack of resources and space. Soon people will have to learn to survive off artificial resources to substitute for the inability for agriculture to keep up. â€Å"In 1950 the population of the world was placed at roughly 2,400 million, the rate of growth of the world's population is greater than ever before in history, and the successive net additions, period by period, are breath-taking.† (Hertzler 9) In 1974 the United Nations held the World Population Conference at which it was determined that a solution for the crisis was needed, it was also decided that all countries would create a population policy that would attempt to help the countries deal with social, economic and cultural development. Although the United States has a large population problem to deal with of its own, underdeveloped countries hold 80 percent of the worlds population and are unable to provide methods of birth control, leaving people no choice other than abstinence. A question we are forced to ask ourselves is: Should we help fund family planning in third world countries, or should we leave them to fend for themselves when it comes to the issue of population control. Aside from third world and underdeveloped countries, modernized nations inc... ...ion Explosion and the Natural Environment." Our Crowded Planet, Essays on the Pressures of Population. Ed. Osborn, Fairfield. 1st ed. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962. 71-79. Darwin, Charles G. "The Law of Population Increase." Our Crowded Planet, Essays on the Pressures of Population. Ed. Osborn, Fairfield. 1st ed. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962. 29-35. Ehrlich, Paul R., and Anne H. Ehrlich. Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1977. Hardaway, Robert M. Population, Law, and the Environment. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1994. Hertzler, J. O. The Crisis in World Population: A Sociological Examination, with Special Reference to the Underdeveloped Areas. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1956. Lee, Philip R. "The Development of Federal Policies Related to Population Problems." The 99th Hour: The Population Crisis in the United States. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967. 84-94. Managing Planet Earth: Perspectives on Population, Ecology, and the Law. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1990. Sadik, Nafis. "World Population Continues to Rise." The Futurist Mar.-Apr. 1991: 9+. Questia. 11 May 2004.

Cathedral Essay

El Ikor Professor Ravita English 1102 February 21, 2013 Cathedral Essay Don’t judge a book by its cover. Judge not, lest ye be judged. Two’s company and three’s a crowd. These are all well- known cliches that Raymond Carver was able to incorporate into his short story Cathedral. These cliches were able to take form as the story’s theme. The narrator (Bub) had a noticeable and open prejudice towards blind people. Carver was able to grasp how a person with a physical disability is coddled by society instead of being treated like an equal being.Bub’s anxiety and lack of enthusiasm was apparent when his wife invited her blind friend, Robert over for a visit. In the text Bub stated that he was not looking forward to having a blind man in his home. Within the story the narrator shows his ignorance and lack of factual knowledge of blind people. The narrator needed a personal experience with a disabled person before being able to comprehend the degree of hi s ignorance. His experience with a blind man taught him more than he was expecting to learn. Bub was able to discard his pre conceptions of Robert through interaction and surveillance with and of him.There was not an open welcoming of Robert’s visit from the narrator. Bub’s displeasure for having a blind person in his home originated from uneducated and ignorant beliefs. He truly believed that blind people were never happy and always moved slow. In the story, the narrator is shocked that Robert is able to easily feed himself. Bub’s stereotypical thoughts are evidence of the first cliche, â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover. † In the text Bub stated that he’d seen movies of blind people but he never truly interacted with a blind person before. He was very judgmental of Robert before even meeting him.From the moment Robert arrived, the narrator began to realize that his pre conceptions of the blind were fallacies. Carver’s use of this cliche conveys one of the underlying themes in the story. Carver’s use of the second cliche â€Å"Judge not, lest ye be judged,’ is evident throughout the entire story. Not only did Bub pre judge Robert before meeting him, but also he pre judged all blind people by grouping them into one helpless category. Robert continued to surprise Bub with his normalcy and similarities. Bub assumed that Robert was going to be helpless and in need of constant care.His assumptions towards blind people were unwarranted and derived from a superabundant intake of television. The fact that something as simple as a beard on a blind man surprised him is evidence that Bub’s ignorance was out of control. Bub was not able to differentiate between fact and fiction therefore he judged without plausible cause. After just a short time with Robert, Bub understood that his previous judgments and assumptions were incorrect. Bub saw that Robert, a blind man, was not as helpless as television would convey him as. Bub’s anxiety about Robert’s visit stemmed from more than him being a blind man.Bub also felt uncomfortable with the relationship Robert had with his wife. Robert and the narrator’s wife were able to keep a healthy friendship for a decade without seeing each other. Bub and his wife’s relationship lacked communication. In the text it is apparent that the narrator and his wife have constant small tiffs with each other. Robert and Bub’s wife sent each other tapes for years telling stories and keeping touch. Carver used the cliche, â€Å"Two’s company and three is a crowd,† as another theme for the story. Robert did not want to feel like the third wheel in his own home.Bub was jealous of the relationship Robert and his wife shared. The fact that Robert was a blind man connecting with his wife on this level did not make Bub welcome him into his home any more. Carver’s insertions of these latent cliches were fun damental to the story and the growth of Robert’s mental character. All of the cliches ultimately incorporated into the theme of the story. The stories most pre dominant or all powerful cliche was most certainly don’t judge a book by its cover. The narrator was completely insensitive to having a blind man in his home because of his pre conceived ideas.Bub was able to discard his pre notions of Robert through interaction and surveillance. After spending time with a person that he had these predetermined judgments of, he was able to willing open his mind and see that he was wrong. Bub was able to see more similarities than differences a blind person has with himself. Bub is able to grasp the concept that Robert’s lack of sight does not define him as an individual. He was able to learn valuable lessons from Robert. The underlying cliches without a doubt played there role throughout the story to teach Bub these lessons.